Teachers Day Essay Example for Free

Teachers Day EssayMadam Aishath Adam, Senior Assistant Principal, Supervisors, members of the staff, Teachers and Dear Students. Assalaam Alaikum and Good afternoon. Today, we be here to celebrate great teachers and great teaching. As a fellow teacher, I find awkward to speak about teachers or for teachers. But, first, let me convey to all the teachers, my personal greetings and best wishes on the teachers day. Dear Teachers though a fellow teacher, I want to say I am proud of you.I am proud of your dedication to the profession and for the personal sacrifices you ready to teach our children. I am delighted of your devotion to train their questing minds, and for your inspiration of their hopeful hearts. I am proud that you take this responsibility seriously that you give ear it as sacred trust. We celebrate teachers day, because we value you. I want to remind you that all the p bents, students and the wider community deeply appreciate your commitment to teaching and to the chi ldren. There is no substitute for education.Firstly, because its the most precious gift we can give our children. Secondly, because its the most critical investment in our future. And thirdly, because its the most sound strategy which will enable us to survive and to thrive in a changing world. Dear Students I became a teacher because of some of the able experiences I had in school. There were teachers who touched my soul who financial aided me realize my own potential. I decided to become a teacher because I want to help change someones life. Sometimes, it is hard.We have our own families, financial life and life problems that challenge us, like everyone else. Sometimes we are exhausted by our work load and responsibilities. This is why teachers need encouragement and support. So that in turn, we can devote ourselves to our students. Dear staff and students On Teachers Day every year, we remember our teachers, we remember our childrens teachers. We recognize these very dedicated people. People who give of themselves and take a personal interest in their students.Teachers who have touched ourlives, moulded us into what we are today, and are helping to shape tomorrows people, tomorrows students. Just as a country is as good as its people, so its citizens are only as good as their teachers. Therefore a great deal depends on you, teachers, and I salute you, all of you, those here today, and those absent, for your passion, dedication, commitment and contributions. I wish to all the teachers a successful career in teaching a career in which you find happiness, health, friendship and love. Happy Teachers Day and thank you.

Agriculture co-operative societies

tillage co-operative societiesAgriculture co-operative societiesAn agricultural conjunct, also known as a enhanceers co-op, is a cooperative where farmers sh are their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural do cooperatives, which provide various services to their individu solelyy gardening members, and agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly. Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are limited to corporate farms in former socialist countries and the kibbutzim in Israel. Worker cooperatives provide an example of production cooperatives exterior market-gardening. The default meaning of agricultural cooperative in side is usu each(prenominal)y an agricultural service cooperative, which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primordial types of agri cultural service cooperatives, supply cooperative and marketing cooperative. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to lowtake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely imprecate on doctrine cooperatives as a source of finance for both working capital and investments.Why farmers form cooperativesCooperatives as a form of cable organization are distinct from the more common investor-owned firms (IOFs). Both are organized as corporations, but IOFs pursue profit maximization objectives, whereas cooperatives strive to increase the benefits they generate for their members (which usually involves zero-profit operation). Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers cannot obtain essential services from IOFs (because the provisi on of these services is judged to be unprofitable by the IOFs), or when IOFs provide the services at disadvantageous terms to the farmers (i.e., the services are available, but the profit-motivated prices are too high for the farmers). The former situations are characterized in economic theory as market failure or missing services motive. The latter drive the creation of cooperatives as a competitive yardstick or as a means of allowing farmers to build countervailing market power to oppose the IOFs. The concept of competitive yardstick implies that farmers, faced with unsatisfactory perfor humannessce by IOFs, may form a cooperative firm whose purpose is to force the IOFs, through competition, to improve their service to farmers. A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is sometimes described as overcoming the curse of vitiatedness. A cooperative, being an association of a large number of small farmers, acts as a large business entity in the market, reaping the significant advantages of economies of scale that are not available to its members individually. Three typical examples are a machinery pool, a marketing cooperative, and a credit union. A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of a tractor or another piece of farm machinery for its own use a machinery pool is a cooperative that purchases the necessary equipment for the joint use of all its members as needed. A small farm does not al focuss obligate the means of window pane necessary for delivering its produce to the market, or else the small glitz of its production may put it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers a cooperative pass on act as an integrator, collecting the output of its small members and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels. A small farmer may be charged relatively high interest rates by commercial banks, which are mindful of high transactio n costs on small loans, or may be refused credit altogether due to lack of collateral a farmers credit union will be able to adjure loan funds at advantageous rates from commercial banks because of its large associative size and will then distribute loans to its members on the strength of vulgar or peer-pressure guarantees for repayment. An Integrated Automation Solution for Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies (PACS) One of the major concerns in any developing economy is the efficacy of the rural financing systems that advances credit to its large population of rural poor. Such operations are plagued by small size of the loans, inadequate risk profiling of loanee, large volume of transactions, non-standardized operations, and difficulty in monitoring credit disbursal and collection. Nelitos MFin brings the benefit of computerization into the field of micro-finance that helps to achieve the following Reduction in operational cost calibration of operationProduction of repo rts for statutory monitoring and transparent operationsReduce the risk of lendingTransacting in cash and kindPrudent saving habits facility of installationMinimal trainingMfin (Micro Finance) launched during 1996 has been accepted as both private and public firmament banks are aggressively planning to tap the rural potentiality. study Functional Modules Savings entrustCurrent AccountsCash ascribe AccountsDaily Deposit AccountsTerm DepositsRecurring DepositsTerm LoansTradingMembership Accounting draw features Graphical User InterfaceModular ApproachParameterized set upOnline HelpGL MaintenanceInvestment takeGold Loans (Agriculture General)Kisan Credit CardLoans in kinds and Repayment in kindsLoans Against DepositTL for Agriculture Allied ActivityStanding Orders and Lien NotingNPA Marking and ReportsReconciliationMembership AccountingInvestment RegisterReconciliationInventory ControlPurchase RegisterSundry CreditorsDividend Calculation RegisterStock severalisement mental test ing BalanceTrading AccountTrial BalanceProfit Loss AccountsGeneral LedgerBalance SheetStatement of AccountStatutory ReportingAgriculture cooperatives Various study activities in agriculture, small industry marketing and processing, distribution and supplies are now carried on through co-operatives. the co-operatives in the State acquire make an all-round progress and their usage in, and contribution to agricultural progress has particularly been significant. The schemes regarding the construction of godowns and the conversion of villages into model villages. The Co-operative ride was introduced into India by the political science as the only method by which the farmers could keep down their burden of debt and keep them away from the clutches of the m whizzy- loaners. The Co-operative Credit Societies Act, 1904 was passed by the Government of India and rural credit societies were formed . Through the appointment of registrars and through vigorous propaganda, the Government att empted to popularize the Movement in the rural areas. Within a short period, the Government realized some of the shortcomings of the 1904 Act and, therefore, passed a more oecumenical Act, known as the Co-operative Societies Act of 1912. The primary agriculture credit societiesThe agricultural co-operative credit structure in the Punjab State is broadly divided into two sectors, one dealing with the short-terms and medium-terms finance and the other with the long-term credit. In the State, the short-term and medium-term credit structure is based on a three-tier system, i.e., the Apex Co-operative Bank at the State level, the Central Co-Coperative Bank at the district/tehsil level and the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the village level. The major objectives of the primary agricultural credit service societies are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage and marketing facilities. Owing to an increase tenseness on the development of land and agriculture, long-term co-operative credit has assumed great importance. There is the Punjab State Land mortgage Bank at the Apex and the Punjab owe Bank at the district/tehsil level. At the operational level, there exists a primary co-operative to extend credit to the farmer. This unit epitomizes the vitality and service potential of the Co-operative Movement in India. The organization of these societies dates back to 1904, when the first Co-operative Societies Act was passed. These societies were started with the object of providing cheap credit to the agriculturists in order to free them from the clutches of the rapacious money- loaners. the agricultural primary credit society is the foundation-stone on which the whole co-operative edifice is built. The first Agricultural Credit Society in the Firozpur District was registered on 4 October 1911, at the closure of Khalchi Kadim in the Firozpur Tehsil. Originally, the movement was confined to the credit societies only and, thus, credit dominated till the partition (1947). After the partition, the Co-operative Movement began to spread to other field, viz labour, construction and farming.Agriculture non-credit societies While credit is and must remain for some time the chief concern of the Co-operative Movement relatively slow, since 1912, when the non-credit societies were brought officially under the aegis of the Movement. the World war II (1939-45) came as a God send boon with respect to the development of the Co-operative Movement. Prices of agricultural goods began to rise and touched new peaks. The repayment of loans was accelerated and deposits began to swarm in. The number of societies also rose. Another interesting development in co-operative during the War wast the extension of the Movement to non-credit activities, viz. Agriculture co-operative marketing societiesMarketing has occupied a far smaller place in the co-operative picture in India than in many countries, notably Denmark and the USA, but not other non-credit line of co-operation, with the possible expulsion of the consolidation of land holdings and joint farming enterprises, seems to hold greater possibilities of help to the agricultural population of India. The development of co-operative marketing in India is closely bound up with the problem of credit-the claims of the money-lenders commonly inhibiting the cultivators freedom of action in disposing of his crop. The full utilization of loans advanced depends upon the arrangements for the marketing of surplus produce. For this purpose, there the Punjab State Marketing Federation at the State Level, wholesale societies at the district level and marketing societies at the market level. These societies also provide other agricultural facilities and imprint arrangements for the supply of internal items in the rural areas. At the State level, the Punjab State co-opera tive Supply and Marketing Federation (MARKFED) is playing an important role in building up an integrated structure for remunerative marketing and storing of agricultural produce. it has played an important role in hastening the Green Revolution in the State by arranging ready(a) supplies of essential farm inputs needed by the cultivators. Co-operative farming societies The Royal Commission on Agriculture in 1928 observed that it co-operation failed, there would fail the hope of the Indian agriculturist. Co-operative farming is a compromise between collective farming and the peasant proprietorship and gives all merits of large-scale farming without abolishing private property. It implies an organization of the farmers on the origination of common efforts for common interests. Under this system, all landowners in a village form a co-operativesociety for tilling the land. The land is pooled, but each farmer retains the indemnify of property. The produce is distributed by each. They are allowed to withdraw fromthe co-operative farm whenever they de3sire. In India, the exceedingly small size of holdings is perhaps the most serious defect in our agriculture. If agriculture has to be improved, the size of the holdings must be enlarged. Type of societiesCo-operative Weavers society Co-operative Consumers Societies Co-operative Housing Societies Co-operative Womens Societies Co-operative Milk-Societies Challenges before co-operativesThe IndianCo-operative Movement has earned distinction of being the largest in the world.This is true in terms of membership and Co-operative network which spread over almost all the villages in the country and the number of Co-operative Societies. In our country, there are about 5.5 lakhs of cooperative Societies with membership of more than 22crores. It covers a wide range of commercial activities and nearly 50% of them are engaged in agriculture and agriculture related matters. around 70% of the Indian population beingdependant on a griculture, is thus, connected with agricultural Co-operatives. Co-operatives have covered 100% of villages and 67% of rural home bases. Co-operative sectorcontributes 50% of total agricultural credit and distributes 35% of total fertilizer consumption in the Country. They are procuring 60% of total sugar-cane. They are also playing crucial role in the agro-processing sector i.e. processing of sugar-cane, milk, cotton and oil seeds etc.Dairy Co-operatives have excelled in their area of operation and have enabled India to attain top position in milk production in the world. Edible oil marketed through Co-operative channel is estimated at 50% and handloom Co-operatives account for 55% of the total out-put. But in spite of being largest movement in the world and strongest link, it faces number of challenges like lack of internal resources and poor mobilization of external resources, inadequate infrastructure, competitive tier structure, apathy of members towards management, lack of ac countability increasing sickness, dormancy, low level professionalism, excessive political science control, political hoo-ha, dominance of vested interest over the management, lack of human resources development, education and training.Despite all challenges, Co-operatives have to be sustainable over a period of time for which professionalism is a must. Co-operatives have been looking for Governmental help. But they have been paying of it like official domination and interference in their day-to-day working etc. Dr. Kuriyan, an eminent co-operator in the country said recently that the Co-operatives have undergone a crisis of identity being n any government nor private. He further said that Co-operatives need to be more efficient and competitive, but at the same time they cannot sacrifice the basictenets of co-operation. Inefficient Co-operatives will have to either pull up their socks or down their shutters. Co-operatives have many advantages in tackling problem poverty alleviation , employment generation and food security. They also have the potential to deliver goods and services in areas where both the State and Private sectors have failed. Over the past few years, steps like the enactment of reciprocally aid Co-operative Societies Act by some States and the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act have been taken to give the Co-operative sector a boost. But I am aware that the Co-operatives registered under the Mutual Aided Act have certain constraints and deficiencies, which may be Lack of supervision and inspection by Registrar of Co-operative Societies resulting into financial misuse and disproportion institutional development. Government is hesitating to entrust any important government work since it does not have any participation. These Co-operatives are away from the mainstream. The Co-operative Banks and other important institutions are not prepared to admit them as members. NABARD and RBI are not agreeing for conversion of Central and Urban Co-ope rative Banks. R.B.I. has also objection about the use of give voice Co-operative since Banking Regulation Act uses the word Co-operative Society. Perhaps we are not prepared or educated or sensitized enough to work without control and supervision. revolting persons may take advantage of the situation to cheat the general public. When the Government are exploring the possibility of regulating the Non-governmental organizations having vast experience, it is doubtful as to whether the mutually aided Co-operatives in various field can give desired result. The circumstances and the situation give rise to the Co-operative Movement in the Country are noneffervescent prevalent. The market is still not accessible to small and marginal farmers. Supply of agricultural credit is not adequate. About 50% of our rural and tribal household still have no facility for institutional credit. The Co-operatives are today at the cross road at their existence, particularly in view of the refrain emergi ng economic liberalization and globalization. The Co-operatives still continued to function in a traditional way with poor governance and management, poor resource mobilization, outside interference, dependence on Government and lack of professionalization. The Co-operatives are neither member-driven nor functioned professionally in a transparent manner with accountability to members. In spite of all these, no doubt, the Co-operatives have contributed a lot to the agriculture development of the Country. We cannot afford to see that these institutions wither away. It needs reform. It is not-worthy to say that in the National Common borderline Programme of present UPA Government it has been mentioned to bring constitutional amendment to ensure the democratic autonomous and professional functioning of Co-operatives. The constitutional amendment may limit itself with timely handle of elections timely conduct of audit, uniform tenure of managing committee conduct of general body meetin gs right of a member for access to informations and the accountability of the management. In this linguistic context our strategies may be as follows. Co-operatives need be member-driven stakeholders should have a command over its affairs and activities. There is need for more transparency, more of fundamental interaction and confidence -building measures. Aggressive marketing strategy be adopt for sensitizing members and general public about the service and quality rendered by the Co-operatives. Commitment to outstrip service and pursuit for excellence should be the hallmark of Co-operative. Every society should adopt their customers or members charter and should meticulously adhere to this charter. Co-operative should compete with other players in prevailing market forces without any protectionist or discriminator approach. In respect of short-term, medium-term, long-term sector and Urban Bank sectors, restrictions have been stipulated by Reserve Bank of India, NABARD in respect of finance. These restrictions need be liberalized which would help Co-operative to optimize its lendable resources and provide finance to members. Strengthening information and database of Co-operatives if of utmost importance. MIS need be adopted by the process of computerization and inter-connectivity to provide best services to members and customers with anytime and anywhere service. Professionalization of management is one of the basic prerequisites of Co-operatives. Both the personnel as hearty as directors of committee of management should be exposed to regular training, interaction and orientation. Adoption of scientific planning for deployment of human resources on the principle of right man for the right post at right time would help Co-operatives to accelerate the pace of reforms. Human resources need be proactive. Motivation, recognition for good work and leading be inculcated for augmenting productivity. Basic tenets corporate governance be adopted like fair play, tr ansparency and accountability. The PACS, as the foundation of the Co-operative system are meeting the development needs of the farmers by providing credit, inputs and storage and processing and marketing facilities. The Co-operative federated at the district and State level constitutes the Co-operative system. But it is found that the Apex institutions have full-grown stronger whereas the primaries and in some cases, Central Co-operatives have gone weaker. The situation has to be changed and the primaries have to grow stronger. The business of the Primary Societies have to be diversified.Cooperative Credit in Agriculture Development(Role of agriculture co-operative societies in agriculture) Now-a-days credit serves as an elevator. It has been recognized as the life blood of all economic activities. Like all other producers,agriculturists also need credit. According to an old proverb, credit supports the farmers as the hangmans rope supports the hanged. This Statement is fully true in the context of Indian farmers. Thus, for bear upon the tempo of agricultural production, an adequate and timely credit is most essential. The Co-operative Societies Act, 1904 gave concretized shape for establishing primary co-operative societies to meet both the short and medium-term loan needs of farmers. The provision of these loans did not make any improvement and did not have any impact on the farmmers socio-economic status and consequently, they were head and ears indebt. In order to solve this problem and make the farmers free from the cruel clutches of money lenders, the idea of co-operative long-term credit institutions called Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks/Co-operative Gram Vikas Banks (earlier called Cooperative Land Development/Mortgage Banks) was mooted.Role of agriculture co-operative societiesAn agricultural co-operative society which is authorised by its rules to borrow money may at any time, subject to the provisions of this section and wi th much(prenominal) consent of the Minister as is mentioned in this Act and whether the outgrowth of debentures is or is not authorised, or is or is not forbidden by the rules of such(prenominal) society, bonk debentures to any authorised lender for the purpose of securing to such lender the repayment, with or without interest, of any capital sum of money lent by such lender to such society before the spot of such debentures (whether before or after the passing of this Act) or intended to be so lent at or after such issue, or partly so lent and partly so intended to be lent.An issue of debentures shall not be made by an agricultural co-operative society under this section unless either the committee of such society has power under the rules of such society to borrow money and the amount to be borrowed on the security of such debentures is within such borrowing power or a resolution approving of the making of such issue has been passed by a special meeting of the shareholders of such society convened expressly for the purpose of considering and, if thought fit, passing such resolution.The following provisions shall sustain to debentures issued by an agricultural co-operative society under this section, that is to saysuch debentures may be expressed to charge the money secured thereby in either or both of the following ways, that is to say, by way of fixed charge on any specified property (including uncalled capital) of such society or by way of floating charge on the assets, property, and undertaking (either with or without specified exceptions) for the time being and from time to time belonging to such societysuch debentures may contain all or any such provisions for enforcing or making effective the security thereby afforded as are usually contained in debentures issued by a limited companysuch debentures shall operate and have effect in accordance with the terms thereof so far as such terms are authorised by this Act.An issue of debentures made by an ag ricultural co-operative society under this section may consist either of a single debenture to secure the whole amount of the sum of money for the securing of which such issue is made or of a series of debentures for recite sums ranking pari passu and amounting in the aggregate to the full amount of the said sum of money, and in any event shall rank in priority to any issue of debentures subsequently made by such society under this section.An issue of debentures made by an agricultural co-operative society under this section may be accompanied and collaterally secured by a trust deed of the general character usual in respect of trust deeds entered into for similar purposes in social intercourse to an issue of debentures or debenture stock by a limited company.Whenever an issue of debentures is made under this section by an agricultural co-operative society, the authorised lender to whom such debentures are issued shall, within twenty one days after the issue thereof, apply in the prescribed form and manner to the Minister for the readjustment of such issue in the register, and if such authorised lender fails so to apply for such registration every debenture comprised in such issue shall, upon the expiration of the s

The Science Of Artificial Neural Networks Psychology Essay

The Science Of ersatz Neural Networks Psychology EssayThe science of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), ordinarily referred as Neural Networks, stills a new and promising bea of research. The concept of creation of neural networks exists for legion(predicate) decades. Nevertheless neural networks have become known and have been developed in international levels only in the recent years. It is noteworthy, scientist showing interest in neural networks, come from various scientific areas such as chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, engineering and the disceptation goes on. That shows Neural Networks is a new ch eachenge in science. No other science today combines and needs direct knowledge from such diverse areas. nonpareil of the main differences of the Artificial Neural Networks from the biological is that while ANNs learn through schooling and experience just like the biological ones but they follow different rules from regular computers. A Neural Network is a parallel data processing system consisted by multitude of artificial neurons, organized in social organisations standardized with the ones in human beings brain. They influence as parallel computing devices made by umteen highly interconnected fair processors. Artificial Neurons are generally organized in layers. The first of those layers called the stimulus layer and is used to insert the data. Input layers are unable to proceed to any sort of computation as its elements do not comprise input predict weights or bias (threshold).The axon mean of transfer of neural signals from the neuron. Its length can be tens of thousands of times the diameter of its body and it is characterized by high electrical resistance and very large capacitance. Every neuron has only one axon, however it can branch and hence enabling communication with many target cells or other neurons.The dendrite short highly branched cell projections (filaments). Most neurons have many dendrites, attached on the som a and increase the surface area. thither are approximately 103 to 104 dendrites per neuron, to receive information from other neurons through synapses they are covered with and transmit electrochemical stimulation to the soma.The axon terminal located in the end of the axon and is responsible for transmitting signals on to other neurons. On axon terminals are attached the terminal buttons, that store the information in synaptic vesicles and secreting them in neurotransmitters.As mentioned above, the connection between neurons happens through the synapses. Neural synapses are a silent exchange of information. The electrical nerve impulses travel along neurons and transmitted by chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) in the next neuron across a tiny gap, the synapses and are located between the neuron and the neighboring cell (target cell). Therefore dendrites are very close to each other but neer in touch. It is estimated that there are approximately 10 billion neurons in the hum an cortex, and 60 trillion synapses or connections (Shepherd and Koch, 1990).A number of neurons and their connections form a neural network. The entire system of neural networks in the human body forms the Central Nervous System. This system goes through the whole human body with profound points the brain and the spine. During lifetime, synapses are in constant dynamic chemical equilibrium, new are created and old are destroyed. The creation of new synapse happens when the brain acquires more experiences from the surrounding environment, learns, recognizes and understands. On the other side, diseases cause the devastation of neurons and therefore the devastation of synapses.In comparison to other cells, neurons might not replaced by new ones, if destroyed. That means after the lineage of a new individual, its neural system is fully developed within the first few months of its life.A neuron can be either restless or inactive. When it is activated, it produces an electric signal. This signal has intensity of only a few mVolt.The way those electric signals are produced is pretty similar with the way a capacitor works. Between the external and internal surface of the cell of the neuron there is a dynamic difference.Although the mass of the human brain is only the 2% of human body mass, con spousal relationshipes more than the 20% of the oxygen that goes in the organism. The power con mettleption in the brain is some 20 Watt in comparison to a computer that needs a lot more.The computational power of brain is measured by three possible approachesThe number of synapses (Kandel, 1985), the computational power of the retina and cypher it by their brain-to-retina ratio (Moravec, 1998b), and the total useful energy used by the brain per second by the amount of energy used for each canonic operation to give the maximum operation per second (Merkle, 1989)From the three approaches above, is concluded that the estimated computational power of human brain is about 1014 operations per second (Ng, 2009).It is interesting to mention how the electric pulses are created to stimulate neurons. On the membrane of the cell it is appeared to be an electric potential difference between its external and internal surface just like a capacitor. Most of the times the negative charges found in the internal surface as they cant broadcast the membrane and leave the cell.The membrane has many openings that allow ions and atoms to go through each element from its own channel. The endings of the channels are secured by gates which direct the flow of those elements. Proteins that act like pumps force the elements to travel in the opposite direction from their natural and thus neurons consume larger amounts of energy. Eventually the balanced drive of the elements along the surface of the membrane produces an electric current which is the corresponding electrical pulse that stimulates the neuron.Once the neuron has fired it returns to a state of potential equili brium and in this state it cant be fired again until it recovers.Each neuron has a specific threshold or weight. When electric signals reach that point, sum up and if their weight value is same or larger than the one of the threshold the neuron stimulates. If the sum of the signals is smaller than the required value of the threshold, then the neuron stays inactive.Add images.Models of artificial neuronsAs mentioned earlier, ANNs are parallel data processing systems, consisting out of large numbers of artificial neurons, inspired by the biological neurons.A neuron is an information-processing unit that is fundamental to the operation of a neural network (Haykin, 1999, pg-10).A neuron may have many inputs, an internal structure consisting out of multiple layers but it always has a single output.Every single neuron accepts variable input signals x0, x1, x2 xn. This corresponds to the electric pulses of the biological brain.Every input signal is multiplied by the synaptic weights of the neuron, wi, where i=1,2,3..n, the input nodes. The weights represent the biological synapses and indicate the strength of the bond (the connection) between them.The range of value of a weight can be positive or negative depending on if the function of synapse suspend or propagate (transmit) the stimuli from other neurons, unlike the biological synapses that do not take negative values. This is because external bias, b, are applied when the weights added.Bias or threshold, is the standard value of the internal potential energy of the neuron that the sum of the combined output must be reached in order the activation (or squashing) function to be activated.An important element of the neuronal body is the adder .At the adder, all the input signals, influenced by weight vectors are summing up together and produce a resultant combined output u. When the sum of weight is big (0Therefore, the harvest-festival u is given by the relationshipThe result of combined output u, pass through the activation function, denoted with the letter ( ).The activation function is a non linear function where the resultant combined output u takes its final value y.The calculated activation output signal of the neuron is shown asand whereTherefore,Activation functionsThere are several activation functions, however three of the most basic types are the following they slightly vary from book to book)The threshold activation function, which gives as an output 1, if the adder produce a value greater than the one of the threshold. This is expressed asThe Piecewise-Linear function, where the unity is assumed to be the amplification factor inside(a) the linear region of operation (Haykin, 1999, pg14)The Sigmoid function, which is expressed asWhere is is the slope parameter of the sigmoid function. This function is one of the most important and most commonly used as it provides non-linearity to the neuron.Some other activation functions are, the rump function, the bipolar sigmoid function, and the signum function.The signum function gives a positive or negative output, with values unremarkably ranging from 1 to -1 depending on the value of the summation of the weights on the threshold. This can be applied to the activation functions mentioned above and more specifically to the threshold faction freehandedAdd images and graphsA simple neural networkIn this paragraph, neural networks will be introduced, starting from their simplest form. Every neural network consists out of hundreds or thousands of tiny units, the neurons. Each neuron has an input where the electric signals are received. A neuron may have more than one input but no matter how many layers of neurons and synaptic connections are in between (the body), there is always one output value. The neurons of a layer between each input and output are not connected to each other however each layer is interconnected with the layer of the next and the previous level. In its simplest form, a neuron has no layers but is limited only to an input and an output. Every signal that leaves an output and enters an input has a value, the weights. The weights represent the importance of each signal reaching the threshold of an input. Depending on the value of weight (wn), the contribution of the electric signal can be great or small for the function of the system.Artificial intelligence and neural networksHistorical background(The study of the brain and the biological neurons has started thousands of years ago.) However, as artificial neural networks started to be developing the past century, the historic background still not as broad as in other sciences.The first union of mathematical logic and neuropsychology, commenced in 1943 by warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts.McCulloch was a pioneer neuroanatomist and psychiatrist. Pitts was a young mathematical prodigy, who joined McCulloch in 1942. (Haykin, 1999, pg 38).Together they created the first model a neural network that was represented by a great n umber of interconnected neurons. In their well-known paper, A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity, (1943), came up with theorems that describe the function of neurons and the neural networks. As a result of those theorems, neural networks and artificial intelligence ideas established a new era of research began.The paper of McCulloch and Pitts, triggered the interest of many scientists like von Neumann, Wiener and Uttley in their effort to extract information of the function of biological neurons and create corresponding artificial ones.In 1949 another idea appeared by D. Hebb who published the book The Organisation of Behavior. Although his book had greater influence on the psychological rather than the engineering community, he introduced the concept of postulate and learning and the synaptic modification rule, which suggests that the connectivity of the brain changes continually thorough its entire life in the process of learning new tasks.From 1950 to 1979 , a number of remarkable books were written about neural networks developing the ideas of neurons abilities, such as learning and memorising.Some of these books are the Design for a Brain The origin of Adaptive Behaviors, (1952) by Ashby, that still fire to read nowadays, and the Learning Machines, (1965) by Nilsson, one of the best-written expositions about linearly separable patterns in hypersurfaces. (Haykin, 1999, pg 40).A novel model, the perceptron, introduced in 1958 by F. Rosenblatt. The perceptron is a very simple model of supervised learning, which has only one input and one output built around a nonlinear neuron (Haykin pg 135). Although this model appeared to have many limitations the idea of training the neurons encouraged many scientists for building larger neural networks.In 1969, Minsky and Papert in their book Perceptron they make a gross(a) evaluation of the features and uses of the perceptrons. It be with mathematics that there were fundamental limitations on t he computational ability of single-layered perceptrons and therefore those limitations assumed to carry on in the multilayered levels of perceptrons.A period followed were scientists start losing commit about neural networks and turned to other knowledge based systems.In 1982, neural networks make an interesting come back when John Hopfield proved in a strict mathematical way that by time a neural network can be adjusted to use the minimum energy to function just like human brain does. In addition, Hopfield proved that a simple neural network can be used as storage devise. Such networks are called the Hopfield networks.A very important work was published in 1986 by Rumelhart and McClelland. The two-volume book, Parallel Distributed Processing Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognitions, shows new methods of training neural networks and introduces the idea of parallel data processor. This theory had a great influence in the use of back-propagation learning as and allowed the d evelopment of multilayered networks (perceptrons).The books published by McCulloch- Pitts (1943), Hopfield (1982) and Rumelhart-McClelland (1986), are the most influential in the revolution of neural networks.Since 1980 to nowadays, Neural Networks have been established as a new independent science branch. Conferences and magazines appeared with complete interest on artificial neural networks while the first commercial companies dedicated to the improvement of them, created, supported by thousands of members worldwide especially in America, atomic number 63 and Japan.Learning processes/ trainingFundamental ideasThe present, looking to futureAnn applications areasAnns in civil engineeringCan it be applied in?Benefits/disadvantagesProgramObservationscommentssummaryreferences

Cultural Competency of Nurses

pagan Competency of Nurses1.1 Cultural competencyThe commitment to par in wellness cargon provision is inbred deep down the core values of the wellness make do profession and reserves be expected to fulfill these requirements. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct distinctly states that nurses must treat every patient as individual, respect their dignity and not to discriminate irrespective of develop, ethnicality or heathen background (Husband and Torry 2004a). The NMC (2004) emphasises that heathenly adapted sustainment is moral and legal requirement for nurses. Thus the requirement for the development of cultural competency is to be found within the NMC code of conduct. Josipovic (2000) winds out that the rescue of individualised c atomic number 18, in consideration of religious and cultural requirements of Black and Ethnic Minorities (BME) patients faecal matter assist nurses to fulfill their obligations.However, there is no univer sal exposition of cultural competency Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines cultural competency as a process, which requires the health make out professional to continuously attempt to gain the ability to work competently with the cultural background of the patient. Nevertheless Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) defines cultural competence as the ability to evanesce effective care while taking into account patients specific cultural needs, behaviors and beliefs. Narayata definitionN angiotensin-converting enzymetheless, there has been significant raillery of different models of cultural competence in nursing writings (Gunaratnam, 2007). Campinha-Bacote (1998) model of cultural competence the process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care service, identifies five essential constructor of cultural competenceCultural awarenessCultural knowledgeCultural acquisitionCulturally encounterCulturally desireConversely the Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) model of developing cultural compe tence consists of four stages Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural esthesia and Cultural competent. Rosenjack Burchum (2002) identified the attri just nowes of cultural competence as same as those of Papadopolos et al (1998) but adds cultural chthonicstanding, and cultural aptitude as essential attributes. Cultural competence is, according to Rosenjack Burchum (2002), the development of knowledge and skill manifested by the synthesis of the above attributes and their respective dimensions in human interaction.Although there is distinction in the models of cultural competence they all express common concern of three main components cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge and cultural skills (Gogwin et al. 2001). According to Garity (2000) cultural competence involves having understanding and sensitivity toward different cultural groups and factors that affect their lives such as immigration, discrimination and the possibility for these factors to improve or inhibit pr ofessional practice. Hence, for a nurse to become cultural competent s/he needs to develop an understanding of ones own cultural needs, views, beliefs, behavior and those of the patient while avoiding stereotyping and commandisation (http//www.culturediversity.org/cultcomp.htm). The aim is to ensure that the health care work and professionals are respectful and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients, which can help bring about imperative health outcome (http//minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2lvl).Cultural competency is a process that needs to be continuously developed in order to enhance ones ability to give affective health care (Papadopoulos 2006). All registered nurses countenance the responsibility to competently maintain professional knowledge and practice by ensuring up to date knowledge, skill and ability as well as safe and effective practice (NMC2008). Although the NMC distinctly places the indiv idual with the responsibility of developing cultural competence, it should be acknowledged that individuals in all cannot be held responsible for the delivery of culturally safe and competent health care service if insufficient resources are not made available (Husband and Torry, 2004a). Nonetheless, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) set forth cultural competence as the same as nursing competence the ability to deliver care individualised and therapeutic to distributively patient despite social context or cultural background, this being the sigcharacter of contemporary nursing. However, the basic principle of providing nursing care to culturally diverse populations is not an entirely new idea, as the need for such was recognised in the United States in the late 1800s (Davis, 1996) and was as well as recognized by Florence Nightingale when advising British nurses on the job(p) in India (Wilkins, 1993). In the at long last atomic hail 6, most western countries saw significant ch anges in the make up of their populations due to increased trends in global migration that resulted in multiethnic and multi-religious societies. In the UK BME groups make up 7.9 % of the total population (Office for National Statistics, 2001). As the population becomes more diverse so does the complexity of the patients needs that the nurse must address (Black, 2008). Thus far, the need for the nurses to become culturally competent has become import (Black, 2008, Gunaratnam, 2007).The apt(p) lit highlights that, in the last few decades, scholars and investigateers wear debated the issue relating to the delivery of appropriate nursing care to meet the needs of BME groups (refs). There is a growing body of evidence that show there are inadequacies in the nursing care provided to these groups (Vydelingum, 2006, Cortis, 2004) and concerns about ethnic disparities in health in the UK (Aspinall and Jacboson, 2004). Studies on utilisation of hospital services by BME patients, in part icular the sr. devote consistently demonstrated level of dissatisfaction with the care provided from cultural and/or religious viewpoints (DoH, 2009 horse tick, 2003 Patel, 2001 Cortis, 2000, Vydelingum 2000) 1.2 BME EldersNevertheless, the concept of the ageing population is one that has generated much discussion in the UK (Caldwell et al, 2008) as this age group is the main utilizers of both health and social care services (Department of health, 2001). While all aged(a) people have common needs and experiences of hospitals, the needs and experiences of the BME older people are shaped by their race and ethnicity (Ahmad, 1993 Blakemore and Boneham, 1994). Majority of todays BME elders are yesterdays young migrants from the commonwealth countries (Patel, 2001), who came to the UK during the 20th century as a result of government policy to fill tug shortage (Houston and Cowley, 2002). According to Evandrou, (2006) in 2001 4% of the BME population were over 65 and this number is rapidly rising, from approximately 60 000 in 1981 to about 360 000 in 2001-2002 (Butt and ONeil, 2004, Beaven, 2006) and is expected to increase in the next 15 years (Evandrou, 2000). These elderly groups have curiously been disadvantaged by the cumulative effect of age, race and inaccessibility to services (Norman, 1985). However, newly arrived migrants are likely to share similar concerns and experience in hospital care (Patel, 2001).The 2001 and earlier censuses show that health disparities exist in the UK and that levels of long term illness are higher in older BME groups than in the general population (From A Szczepura 2005).Older people from BME are report more chronic illnesses such as cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke when compared to the bulk (Tilke, 1998 Ebrahim, 1999 Evandrou, 2000b). An appreciation of the health care needs of this group is vital in understanding the difficulties they face in accessing health care services (Toofany, 2007).One o ccurring theme connected with old age and ethnicity that has been repeatedly identified from the1980s until today is the lack of urgency over government action for the group (Norman, 1985, Patel, 1990, Lindesay, 1997, Patel, 2001). The Policy Research Institution on Aging and Ethnicity (PRIAE) highlights that these groups are not normally considered in old age research (Patel, 2003). Hoong Sin, (2003) points out that BME older people in the UK are disadvantaged by the lack of a reliable sampling frame. Although there are few national studies, most research projects are small and involve localised ideals (Hoong Sin 2003). Therefore the pedestal for doing research with such population groups is inadequately set up (Hoon Sin, 2003). In PRIAEs view we have had too much discussion, action is overdue (Patel, 2001). This information suggests that BME elderly groups have never been a priority on the agenda for research or policy makers in the health care services. Saleh (2009) suggests t hat the introduction of the Race traffic (Amendment) Act 2000 increased pressure on health care organisations to adapt services to ensure equitable access for local all BME groups.On the some other hand, Department of wellness (DoH) ensures that reducing health disadvantage and social exclusion for BME elders is central to UK health and social policy (DoH, 2001b). The DoH made specific commitments, in the National Standards, Local Action, to improve quality of service for BME where they are disadvantaged in terms of health (refs). This approach according to Papadopoulos et al. (2006) is a sign that the NHS is undergoing modernization.Unfortunately, the last two National Patient Survey Programme reports (2008 2009) show the experiences of all BME groups (with the exception of those from the Irish community) are significantly less likely to be constructive than those of the indigenous populations. From a nursing aspect this outcome questions the nurses competence in delivering cul turally appropriate care.The literature available identifies cultural competency as one of the main factor that can help cease the inequalities in health care system (refs). According to Papadopoulos et al. (1999) although reference of the term cultural competence in DoH and National Health Services (NHS) documents has increased, there is no attention to what this actually means for patients or nurses and how it could be measured. Having and implementing clear, strong policies on race and equality is essential for health and social care organisations but this has to be supported with instruction and direction (PRIAE, 2005). Consequently, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) doubted whether cultural knowledge translated into culturally specific care would unavoidably result in improved clinical outcomes or the reduction of health disparities.2. The limited review Aim and Research Strategies2.1 AimNurses are at the front path of care for BME older people in hospital and so it is Cope rnican that the care delivered is in line with what is viewed as appropriate by the patients to their needs. The Department of Health openly acknowledges that much remains to be do in terms of measuring older patients experiences of the process of care, respect, dignity, information and education (Shaw and Wilson, 2008).This review, therefore, intends to bring together the literature concerning nurses views of what is essential in delivering culturally appropriate care to BME older patients as well as this groups expectations and experiences of nursing care. The aim is to explore the cultural competency of nurses in caring for BME elderly patients in Hospital setting.2.2 Search Strategy (Include inclusion/exclusion criteria, infobases searched, keywords, languages and inclusive dates of the literature searched.)Search TermSearch was carried out using combination of keywords such as Nurses, Cultural Competence/Awareness/Sensitivity, Geriatric, Elderly/Older, Black and nonage Ethni c and Experiences/Views. Furthermore, concepts relevant to hospital care such as Dignity, Respect and Appropriate Care were searched in combination with the above key terms.DatabasesThe electronic informationbases British Nursing Index, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Assia and Cochrane Library were searched to differentiate peer-reviewed literature published in the English language between 1990 and 2010 that are UK based. The selective informationbases yielded XXX potential studies relevant to the topic under review.Further search was conducted in the World Wide Web using the same key words and it produced xxx studies. The websites of the Department of Health, Transcultural Nursing Society, regal Collage of Nursing and relevant Third Sector Organisations such as Age Concern, and PRIAE were also accessed which yielded XXX literature. Further literature was gained from the reference and the bibliography of the gathered data as well as the library of the University.The titles and abstracts of the obtained literature were quizd and studies focusing on care provided by nurses to BME elderly patients as well as studies examining the views/experiences of hospital care by this particular geriatric group were selected. For the purpose of the literature review an older person is defined as person older than 50 years. NSF considers an older person as a person who is over the age of 50 years. Yet, a limited numbers of studies (how some) about BME elders in hospital setting were identified. For this rationality studies focusing on the topic that had a wide range of age sample group i.e. 30-80 were included as it would assist in identifying additional pertinent literature. In total, XX studies were identified to meet the inclusion criteria for the literature review.The literature selected were mainly primary empirical studies using qualitative approach. A qualitative research aims to understand the feelings, v alues, and perceptions that under lie and influence behavior (xxxx). Therefore the use of a qualitative methodology is seen to be appropriate as all the studies examine the experiences of the BME patients through their own eyes and those of the nurses (from internet).2.3 Critical Appraisal of Three Qualitative Studies on the Experiences of Nurses in Caring for BME Patients and BME patients Experiences of Nursing CareCortis (2004) Meeting the Needs of minority Ethnic Patientsclegg (2003) Older South Asian patients and Care Perceptions of Culturally Sensitive Care In a Community Hospital SettingHamilton and Essat (2008) Minority Ethnic Users Experiences and Expectations of NursingUsing Caldwells frameworks for critiquing health research, the three above stated studies get out be analyzed systematically and supporting/contradicting evidence from other studies will be offered. WHY USE THIS FRAME WORK? Following the discussion of the review themes will be identified.TitleAlthough the t itle of the study of Cortis is brief and conveys the nature of the study (Polit and Beck, 2010), it could be viewed as misleading as it gave the impression that the sample group was representative of different communities of BME groups. However, the study specifically focuses on the Pakistani ethnic community. Conversely, the titles of the researches by Clegg (2003) and Hamilton and Essat (2008) are short, accurate and clearly specifies what and who is being studied while reflecting the study content (Burns, 2000).The Researchers Academic and Professional QualificationThe authors of the three researches have particular interest about the topic in question, which gives the assumption that they are familiar or have professional insights. The qualification (PhD, MsC) of the researchers is relevant as it indicates that they are competent and have creditability to carry out researches.Further evidence to support researchers knowledge and interest of the topic was demonstrated as they are all nurses with immense experience Cortis is a senior lecturer at the University of Leeds with Qualitative Research interest in ethnicity and BME issues. Clegg is a consultant in older peoples services and intermediate care at Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust. Hamilton was a principal lecturer at De Montfort University with research interests in multi-ethnic care and Essat was research patron at the same university working on a project exploring the educational preparation of student nurses to work in a culturally diverse way. glom and RationaleA qualitative study must offer an abstract containing summary of study aim/objectives, research approach, methods adapted and the result of the study including the clinical applications (Cormack, 1996). Bellow the abstract there should be key words related to the study offering the lector an overview of the research question. All studies have offered a wide abstract with key words relevant to their topics.Clear rationale for undertaking the study was given by all researchers Cortis rationale was the fact that there is comminuted exploration of nurses experiences of caring for specific BME community while Cleggs rationale was that there is a lack of research defining the concept of cultural sensitive care from patient/care perspective. Lastly, the rationale provided by Hamilton and plus is that, nationally, there is an evidence to suggest that care provided doesnt always meet the needs of BME patients.LRAll three researchers did review pertinent literature (classics up to date), which was evident in the studies as well as the reference list. According to Doordan (1999) the literature offered should have discussed and critically reviewed related literature to find out what questions remains to be answered. Nevertheless, only Clegg (2003) provided a separate section for LR, which she must be praised for (Morse, 1994). In grounded theory studies, researchers start with data accrual first and as the data is analyse d and as the theory takes shape researchers then begin to search the literature in order to link it to the rising theory (Polit and Beck, 2010), which was evident in Cleggs study.AimThe three studies clearly identify and justify their aims. Cortiss (2004) argues that in a number of studies BME are seen as homogeneous therefore the aim of his study is to investigate a specific communitys uniqueness the experiences of nurses caring for Pakistani patients in north England. However, this aim is inconsistence with the title of study, which clearly treats BME as a homogeneously. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?While the aim of the Clegg (2003), was to identify older south Asian patients and carers perception of culturally sensitive care. Lastly, the aim of the research by Hamilton and Asset (2008) was to give the minority ethnic groups the opportunity to voice their opinions on nursing care and to inform future nursing education.Ethical Issues two Cortis and Clegg clearly highlight that permission t o do the study was sought from the Local Research Ethics Committee (LREC), which is an imperative step sooner conducting any research. However, Hamilton and Essat (2008) omit to mention whether appropriate approval was gained from LRECs who exist to examine proposed research projects in order to guard peoples rights and interests (Cormack, 2000).All the researchers have to be praised for specifying the process and purpose of the study was explained to the participants before the study in order to obtain informed consent. Cortis (2004) clearly specifies that assurance was given to maintain confidentiality and namelessness of the sample group, which is something Hamilton and Essat (2008) let on to address in their study. Both Cortis and Hamilton Asset dont comment on the associated ethical issues of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence, (Cormack, 20000).Nevertheless, Clegg considered the vulnerability of the participants (Gerrish and Lacey 2006, Speziale and Carpenter 2007) and therefore committed to the ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence (RCN, 2004), but fails to mention how confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. Clegg showed sensitivity towards the participants by informing them the voluntary nature of the research with the option of being able to withdraw at any time. This implies a non-coerciveness approach which was important in this study as this was vulnerable group. Conversely,The three studies inform that permission was sought from the participant to audio-tape the interviews but omit to identify where data was stored and the disposal occasion used (Polit and Beck, 2008). This supports the premise that data used for a particular project should not be used for another without consent (Gerrish and Lacey, 2006).MethodologicalBoth Cortis and Hamilton Essat (2008) fail to specify that the method used was phenomenological-exploratory, which is useful when perusing individuals lived experiences (Crookes and Dav ies, 1998). The main methodological strength of using phenomenological in these studies is that it is an inductive and holistic approach that looks at what occurs within (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Both of the studies focus was on the unique experiences of providing care by nurses to BME patients and perception of BME older patient views/expectations of nursing care. The biggest methodological demarcation line for using phenomenological in these studies is that it is labour intensive and time consuming for the researchers in terms of data collection and abstract (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Clegg, on the other hand, identifies the methodology utilized as grounded theory, which is useful when studying individuals XXXX (GG). Methodological strength associated with the use of this approach in this study is xxxxx.Methodological weakness associated with the use of this approach in this study isThe three studies clearly identify the major concepts of the design used and their concepts, w hich are what?Sampling Technique and methodAccording to Polit and Beck, (2010) in qualitative research there is no rule for sample surface as long as data saturation achieved. The sample number (n=30) used by Cortis was considered to be suitable for qualitative research (Cormack 1999) why? However, the sample number by Clegg was four patients and three relatives. Clegg states in her study that she is not sure if data saturation has been achieved. Morse (2000 in polit and beck book) suggests that number of participants required to reach saturation is a firmed by number of factors, such as the wider the research question the more participants necessary. This gives the impression that the sample size could have been too small for the scope of the research question hence why saturation was not reached (Morse 2000) possibly due to time or cypher constraints (ref). Sampling number for Hamilton and Essat six focus groups, member of which range from 8 to 15 (? large sample number for qual itative).All three researches state how many participants were recruited and from where areas with high population of BME. Cortis participants were recruited from a large acute hospital in north England and Clegg recruited this sample from a two community Hospital informal city and Hamilton and Essat recruited their sample of 6 diverse BME communities groups. The researchers must be praised for providing a clear indication of inclusive/exclusive criteria, in the process of recruiting participants.In secern the three studies fail to identify the sampling methods and techniques used but inferred from the research studies is that non- fortune method of purposive sampling was employed (Cormack, 1996). The method of purposive/judgmental sampling relies on the belief that researcher have enough knowledge about the population to be able to pick sample members (Polit and Bechk, 2010).The main strength associated with the use of purposive sampling in these studies is that the researchers p urposively choose the participants knowing they would give relevant information about the topic in question (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, one main limitation is that this technique relies upon the researchers knowledge of cultural competence of nurses (Polit and Beck, 2008).Method of Data CollectionAll researchers collected data by audio taping interview and transcription. Cortis, Clegg and Hamilton Assset adapted different types qualitative self-reporting technique, which is flexible in gathering self-reported information as it allows the participants to express their views in a naturalistic way (Polit and Beck, 2008).Data collection is described by Cortis as semi-structured interviews and supplementary questions to trace-up for clarification. Cortis informs that most interviews were done in the clinical area implying that participant had choice of venue, which he must be commend for. However, he omits to state where the rest of the interviews were done. WHY IS VITAL TO GIVE P ARTICIPANTS CHOICE OF VENUE?Nevertheless, Cleggs choice of data collection was unstructured interview that were done in the first language of the interviewee. Cross validation of the taped interviews was under taken by a second linguist. Both Cortis and Clegg fail to point out who/how many people performed the interview. Interview performed by one person provides uniformity and consistency (Denscombe, 2003).On the contrary, method of data collection used by Hamilton and Essat was focus group, which was sub-divided into 6 groups where each group had facilitator. The advantage with use of this method in this study is it can generate a lot of dialogue but the disadvantage is that not everyone is comfortable experiences their experiences/view in front of others (Polit and Beck, 2010).Overall, an advantage associated with the use of all interview technique utilized is that the interviewer can observe the participants non-verbal responses, which can provide valuable information (Burns 200 0). Some of the main methodological limitation with the use of this method in these studies is that it was done in face to face, which could jeopardize the participants anonymity since they were identifiable for the interviewer (Cormack, 1996).Method of Data AnalysisAll the researches used thematic content compendium, which is creditable method of data collection (xxxx). Only Hamilton and Asset clearly stated the method used and who analysed the data two members of the team. What does this mean for the research?Cortis transcribed the interviews himself to became personally immersed in the information. What does this mean for the research? Clegg points out that Micro-analysis of the data were used to identify categories but fail to say who analysed data. Having different people conducting the interview and the analysis of the texts can have an impact on the richness of the analysis performed (Strauss and Corbin, 1998).Nonetheless, steps were taken by all researchers to uphold the ri gour of the interpretation by checking the transcript with the participants to ensure correctness, which gave the data conformability and credibility (Forchuk and Roberts, 1993). They also must be praised for indicating that the data was analysed systematically in several steps. However, they all fail to state the type of qualitative software used to categorise the information i.e. Ethnograph and if it was positive or negative to the analysis (Barnard, 1991).(Clegg Triangulation was introduced into the process of data analysis, which was carried out by a colleague from India).The methodological strength linked to the utilisation of this thematic content analysis in these studies is that it is commonly used in qualitative research and is suitable the three study aims. Limitation would be this analysis includes gathering statements on the bases of proportion and frequency with the aim of making them to themes (Barnard, 1991). It could be argued that by doing so the researchers are us ing a quantities method of analysis for qualitative data as each data is not being treated uniquely (Barnard, 1991).Study ResultsThe three studies identified themes based on the participants experience which implies themes were not based on stipulation authors (Cormack, 1996). Each studies result relate to its aim, which they must be praised for. The finding of each study uses the participants precise statement from the interview, which demonstrates analytical points and allows the reader to hear the voices of the participants. This demonstrates conformability and credibility (Burns, 2000) and lets the reader to get in-depth understanding of topics in discussion (Morse1196).Hamilton and Essats results highlight the view held by BME groups regarding nursing communitys lack of knowledge of cultural and religious beliefs. Cortiss findings agree with this as majority of the nurse participants did not deem that the provision of care was affected by culture and spirituality/religion was viewed narrowly by identifying the need for patients to perform prayers with no lack of recognition of other religious requirements. Participants in Cleggs study described the fundamental importance of religion and its effect on health and hospitalization. Other references re culture and religion to be added.All three studies highlighted communicational problem between patients and nurses, which as an issue hinders the development of relationship. However, problems in this area have been cover in many other studies such as (add referennces). And proposals and provisions to address them have been made by the DoH in order to reduce health inequalities (reference).Study DiscussionAll researchers offer a comprehensive discussion of their topics while comparing and contrasting their results relating to themes with other similar literature, which puts their finding in context making it more objective (Meltzoff, 1998). However, only Clegg specifies the study limitation which was the sample size- a larger sample size would have enhanced the probability of reaching saturation and increase the importance of the finding.ConclusionThe three studies offer comprehensive conclusions which summarises the main results while suggesting area of further research or implementation.Cortis suggests that holistic theory needs further conceptualization as his study highlighted nurses understanding of culture as part of holistic care was superficial, which presents a challenge for educators, nursing management, researchers and nursing practice in general. Clegg suggested further research needs to be carried out in order to define the nature of culturally sensitive services. She also points out that nurses understanding of culture and cultural sensitivity needs clarification. Hamilton and Asset suggests that nursing education must ensure that nurses initial training and post training education prepares them to become culturally understanding and sensitive.It could be argued that these t hree studies make useful recommendation for practice for nurses working with BME patients, which are based on education and research on cultural sensitivity. The three studies suggests that nurses are not culturally competent as required by professional bodies and the Government (English National be on for Nursing and Midwifery and Health Visiting 1997, DoH, 1997, United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting 1999, Quality Assurence Agency 2001).Cortis (2004) conducted a phenomenological study canvas the experiences of 30 registered nurses who had nursed Pakistani patients in a large acute hospital in north England within the last three months. Semi-structure interviews and supplementary questions to follow up were the main method of da

Americas Desire to Enter into World War I Essay -- America and World

World warfare I, known as the Great fight prior to World War II, was a global warfare which began in Europe on July 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. The Central Power, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, were at war with the Allies, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These alliances posed a threat when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist at this time, Germany urged the Austro-Hungarian Empire to reciprocate and Serbia turned to Russia for help. A chain reaction began and soon Europe was entangled in a world-wide war. In 1917, the United States entered the war, joining the Allies due to issues with Germany, despite supposed reluctance. Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States through with(predicate)out the duration of World War I, proved through foreign policy from 1914-1917, the United States citizens and governments evident desire for war from April 1917 to November 1918, and the United States do mestic effects from the war from April 1917 to 1919 that the United States was enthusiastic to enter World War I. President Wilson asserted in 1917, I think that you will agree with me that, in view of this submarine declarationthis Government has no alternative, consistent with the dignity and repay of the United States, but to take the course whichit announced that it would take. Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany, and so it happened.President Wilsons alleged disinterest, the Preparedness Act and war declaration were foreign policies executed in the United States from 1914-1917 that validate the fact that the government, as well as American citizens, was eager to enter World War I. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared neutrality in the United Stat... ...ight in World War I through Woodrow Wilsons unwilling demonstration of American foreign policy from 1914-1917, the American desire for war from April 1917 to November 1918, and the domestic effects in America n from the war from April 1917 to 1919. World War I helped the United States achieve a boom in its economy before the Great Depression and strengthened ties between the members of the Allied Powers.Work CitedBailey, doubting Thomas A., and David M. Kennedy. The American Spirit. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print.Beasley, Mark W. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Orlando, FL Harcourt Brace &, 1999. Print.Faragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many A History of the American People. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

Essay --

1.0 INTRODUCTIONOver the years wareho example engineering has evolved from using manually operated equipment to automated equipment to store and pick inventory. In every warehouse facility the goal is to improve efficiency in both the storing and cream of goods. With todays innovative technology this goal could be accomplished with ease. Every warehouse has its own special needs fit to the type of goods thats received and stored. 11 With todays technology warehouses are using a variety of state of the art equipment that allows for the efficient storage and retrieval of goods. 5,8 This paper go away discuss different types of equipment that has enabled the warehouse in becoming more efficient by identifying the most significant butt againstes in a warehouse.2.0 WAREHOUSE dish out2.1 RECEIVING PROCESSThe receiving treat is the first step in a warehouse process. This may seem boring if the concept is still perceived as a salesclerk standing with a clip board and manually counting each piece of material as it comes in the door. Todays technology utilise in the process of receiving, storing and shipping goods through bar code scanning of each pallet of goods as it enters the warehouse. 1,8 Another method used in the receiving process is a system known as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). 1,6 With this method the there is no need for a receiving clerks presents when goods arrive. This process allows the entire pallet contents scanned as it passes through the door via the RFID chip secured to the pallet.2.2 ORGANIZINGThe second step is organizing the goods for storage. Make sure all items get sorted according to their specific needs for such activities as repackaging or relocating to pallets, in containers. 2,9 Receiving... ...ew warehouse technology companies might consider the following suggestions. 8Companies should start by evaluating their processes and procedures to make certain(p) they can accomplish the following. 7,8,11 Dont forget about the inc oming products Concentrate on put-away and increasing refill true statement Improve picking accuracy and reduce labor cost by implementing Pick-by-light or pick-by-voice Large pick quantity processes should strongly considerPackage sorting contributes to reduced labor costs On-time and complete shipments. Companies with the task of implementing new automated systems should consider the following 7,9 Consider hiring experts to manage the complexities of integrating multiple forms of technology Take control of their warehouse systems via the use of a single warehouse systemUse proven best in class practices

American vs. Foreign Employees Essay -- essays research papers

Presidential responsibility requires much focus on both the United States parsimoniousness and the labor force. In order to establish a thriving nation of successful commerce and secure emgambitment opportunities for all Americans, it is important to create policies to ensure that these goals are achieved. Therefore, an requisite platform in my presidential race would be the guarantee that although businesses have the right to manufacture their products overseas, a law should limit the ratio between American vs. foreign employees to at least 21 in order to improve employment rates in the United States.One of the major reasons the economy has been suffering in recent years is the fact that employment rates have plummeted. Workers are deemed unqualified for many jobs, and while lower classes struggle to bob up work, the upper class enjoys extravagant salaries. In order to balance the employment rate between the classes, the United States also must provide higher nurture in order t o better train and qualify more than Americans. If there were more skillful workers entering the work force, employment rates would be set up rather than depreciative, thus improving the nations economy.It has become a common business practice to conduct physical labor overseas, because it is much more cost efficient to pay foreigners to do a job that Americans would require more pay for. Most corporations have established a distinct ploy that calls ...