American vs. Foreign Employees Essay -- essays research papers

Presidential responsibility requires much focus on both the United States parsimoniousness and the labor force. In order to establish a thriving nation of successful commerce and secure emgambitment opportunities for all Americans, it is important to create policies to ensure that these goals are achieved. Therefore, an requisite platform in my presidential race would be the guarantee that although businesses have the right to manufacture their products overseas, a law should limit the ratio between American vs. foreign employees to at least 21 in order to improve employment rates in the United States.One of the major reasons the economy has been suffering in recent years is the fact that employment rates have plummeted. Workers are deemed unqualified for many jobs, and while lower classes struggle to bob up work, the upper class enjoys extravagant salaries. In order to balance the employment rate between the classes, the United States also must provide higher nurture in order t o better train and qualify more than Americans. If there were more skillful workers entering the work force, employment rates would be set up rather than depreciative, thus improving the nations economy.It has become a common business practice to conduct physical labor overseas, because it is much more cost efficient to pay foreigners to do a job that Americans would require more pay for. Most corporations have established a distinct ploy that calls ...

Comparing Changes in The Metamorphosis and A Doll’s House :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Times are a Changing in The Metamorphosis and A Dolls offer experimental condition is a powerful thing it causes evolution in characters far beyond what they would normally experience. In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Kafka develops the attitude towards this situation through the use of his hero Gregor. In the character Gregor we see that an individual will cling to their ideals and fail to adapt to circumstance. Inversely we see Henrik Ibsen in A Dolls House that Nora, normally shy, possessing many doll-like qualities can adapt to her situation and ultmately come out on top. Gregor, in The Metamorphosis goes through a transformation. He has changed into a devil insect, thus offset a new physical life. But Gregor clings to his ideals, his strongly held beliefs of family that root themselves from his own insecurity. This causes Gregor much greif as the physical body starts to wear its thought onto his mind. Although it didnt take long for Gregor to adapt in the physical sense, he never really adopt the true reality of the situation. He held onto his illusion of humanity because he clung to his idealism. This lack of mental adaptation caused Gregors ultimate downfall, but as he saw it, it was a noble sacrifice. So for Gregor not to adapt to this situation with a fundamental change in ideology, was a fatal flaw in Gregors personality. Sure enough, we are all Gregors in a sense, we all believe in something, be it a religion, or the perpetual love of our parents. In this short story Kafka mirrors the effect of faith and morals into Gregor, suggesting that the static nature of these ideals will, in the in effect(p) context lead to a persons ultimate demise. Nora, the doll-like mother from Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House shows the human capacity for adaptation, and the effect these changes have on various aspects of an individual. In the beginning of the play, Nora was a very doll-like character, more plastic than human. Nora show ed very little sign of having an original thought of her own, and dumbly fondled her way along life to the condescending comments of her haughty husband, Helmer. When confronted with the possibility of Helmers death due to his own stubborn nature, she had taken a leap of faith into a loan of money, one that she would seemingly never commit back.

Essay --

And lawfully by this the Jew may claim a pound of flesh, to be by him cut off nearest the merchants heart. Be merciful. (IV. 1. 231-233). end-to-end the trial scene, despite the heavy tension in the air, a subtle, reoccurring idea floated in and lingered. It was the idea for shylock to extract Antonio mercy. However, the Jew disregarded it. Yet, Portia managed was to show the court that Shylock fiercely wanted the Law upheld. The intent of the Law and the dramatize of Mercy clashes as the course of the trial progresses.Consumed by determination to uphold his bond, Shylock install the thought of showing mercy to the merchant ridiculous. The Duke said to Shylock, Shylock, the world thinks, and I think so too, that thou but leadest this fashion of thy malice to the last minute of arc of act and then tis thought thoult show thy mercy and remorse more strange than is thy strange apparent cruelty. (IV. 1. 17-21). To this, the Jew responded Youll ask me, why I rather pick out to have a weight of carrion flesh than to receive three thousand ducats Ill not answer that but, say, it is my humor is it answerd? (IV. 1. 40-43). The Duke many a times asked the Jew to show mercy, and only if that, nothing more and nothing less. Blinded by wrath, Shylock ferociously made it clear to the court, even before Portias appearance, that he wanted his bond. wake mercy was out of the question. At that point, the grace of mercy had long disappeared from Shylocks mind. The thought of ridding Antonio, the great merchant of Venice, from his hair replaced it. Shylock anticipated eyesight red. It was all he could think about seeing Antonios crimson flesh as he cut it off without hesitation and in the absence of grace. The Jew wanted the Law, his side of the La... ... drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate unto the state of Venice. (IV. 1. 307-312). Shylock demanded he wanted the law, and Portia made sure to give him exactly what he wan ted. The tables turned on Shylock he was advised to practice mercy and now he has to beg for it.Throughout the trial scene, the intent of the Law and the grace of Mercy constantly clashed, as judgment on the bond was determined. Shylock entered the courtroom a confident man with an apt for revenge, though left a man stripped of everything away from him except the clothes on his back. Mercy was asked of the Jew, many times before the intent of the Law was twisted against him. His determination and refusal to show grace ultimately caused his demise. Portia pitted the intent of Law against him and the end, the grace of Mercy was bestowed upon Shylock.

Increasing the Gas Tax Would Cause an Improvement in the Environment Es

Increasing the Gas Tax Would Cause an Improvement in the Environment Many people all over the world ar concerned about pollution. Gasoline use in automobiles is one of the major causes of pollution. When gas is used it releases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide. These are gasses that contribute to the Greenhouse doing. The Greenhouse Effect refers to the trapping of the suns radiation and is also used synonymously with Global Warming (greenfuels.org). Governments are trying to come up with alternatives to gasoline to improve or at least not hurt our environment as much as gasoline does. There are things we can do to help out the environment. one and only(a) suggestion is better public transportation systems. For example, Des Moines has a public bus system, but not very many people use it and the busses do not reach all parts of the city. As a result, many people drive themselves to work instead of taking the bus and saving gasoline. another(prenominal) way to cut emis sions of vehicles is a type of vehicle that uses an electric motor or a vehicle that uses both an electric and gasoline motor which cuts gasoline use. Also there are alternatives to gasoline that do not release as many harmful agents into the environment. Ethanol and hydrogen are two examples that are more environmentally friendly than gasoline. So, if the federal government were to increase the gas tax by one dollar per gallon, the public would have more inducing to buy the alternatives that are better for our environment than gasoline because of the much higher price. Also, with the increase in the gas tax the money would give funds toward the environment. With the increase gas tax, there will be extra money that will enable the government to do things fo... ...ne, most of which are much better for the environment than the gasoline that we are currently using. Even if people did not look for alternatives, there would be money to help out environmental issues. Different vehicles , hydrogen, and grain alcohol are things that have already been proven to be safer for the environment than gasoline. Just think, if we dont give up on looking for other alternatives what we may think of and we could assuage our environment in the process. Sources Cited Ford Motor Company HEV. 11 October 2001. http//www.escapehev.com/index.aps Canadian Renewable Fuels Association Home of Canadas greenfuels. 10 January 2001. Canadian Renewable Fuels Association 11 October 2001 http//greenfuels.org Alternative Fuel Systems Inc. Innovative Environmental Technologies. Alternative Fuel Systems Inc. 11 October 2001 http//altfuelsys.com/

Humans and Nature: The Sad Truth about the Relationship between Humans

Since the shift into the Holocene era with the rise of sedentism throughout various millenniums crossways six continents to present day human ingenuity, respect and attention towards the site gradually declined as technologies advanced human capability and chances of survival. Digging deep in time back to the transmitted hunter-gathering tribes of southwestern France in the Caves of Lascaux, where the site was the structure itself, shifting towards the Anasazi of Mesa Verde who created a structure utilizing the site, finally ending with modern day commercial chain buildings stamped onto decorate with neither respect nor consideration of born(p) landform and the grim outlook for the city of New Orleans, these sites offer insight to the nulling of human reverence to Earth as engine room replaces the necessity for natural provisions. Evolution among ideas and communities both on a communal and global scale show the rising ignorance of Earth throughout history. A lthough contemporary sites extravasate from this shift towards a product over placement, the overall generalization of architecture must recognize this change to shed light for a future of reinvesting in the earths protection and prolonging of humanity.Rewind the historical clock 19,000 years ago when anatomically correct, coherent humans first set out to alter the natural worlds many caverns and crevices such as in the Caves of Lascaux. In Paleolithic times when the formation of complex languages and cognitive skills replaced instinctive traits of nourishment, shelter, and procreation, so as well as did the formation of non-domestic ancestral sites. Archeologically, structures in prehistoric sites are either debunked as domestic or non-domestic, usually associating... ...history. Hurricane Katrina acts as a message to humanity across the globe, architecture must recognize this numbness and utilize the features of the Earth to rekindle light for a future within Earths protecti on and prolonging of humanity. working CitedIngersoll, Kostof. . World Architecture, A Cross-Cultural History. New York Oxford UniversityPress, USA, 2013. print.Varien, M. . Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape Mesa Verde & Beyond. ArizonaThe University of Arizona Press, USA, 1999. print.Venturi et al. . LEARNING FROM LAS VEGAS THE FORGOrIEN SYMBOUSM OFARCHITECTURAL FORM. Massachusetts The MIT Press, USA, 2013. print. Williams, R. . Keywords, a vocabulary of culture and society. New York Oxford UniversityPress, USA, 1976. print.1 The Citation referring to Brush and Turner comes from a cited source in Varien, Ms book.

Humans and Nature: The Sad Truth about the Relationship between Humans

Since the shift into the Holocene era with the rise of sedentism throughout various millenniums crossways six continents to present daytime human ingenuity, respect and attention towards the site gradually declined as technologies advanced human capability and chances of survival. Digging deep in time back to the ancestral hunter-gathering tribes of southwestern France in the Caves of Lascaux, where the site was the structure itself, shifting towards the Anasazi of Mesa Verde who created a structure utilizing the site, finally ending with modern day commercial chain buildings stamped onto landscape with neither respect nor consideration of natural landform and the grim outlook for the city of New Orleans, these sites offer insight to the nulling of human idolatry to commonwealth as technology replaces the necessity for natural provisions. Evolution among ideas and communities both on a communal and global scale show the rising ignorance of country throughout h istory. Although contemporary sites break from this shift towards a product over placement, the overall generalization of architecture must recognize this change to shed imperfect for a future of reinvesting in the earths protection and prolonging of humanity.Rewind the historical clock 19,000 years ago when anatomically correct, coherent humans first institute out to alter the natural worlds many caverns and crevices such as in the Caves of Lascaux. In Paleolithic times when the formation of complex languages and cognitive skills replaced instinctive traits of nourishment, shelter, and procreation, so too did the formation of non-domestic ancestral sites. Archeologically, structures in prehistoric sites are either debunked as domestic or non-domestic, usually associating... ...history. Hurricane Katrina acts as a message to humanity across the globe, architecture must recognize this numbness and utilize the features of the Earth to rekindle light for a future within Earths p rotection and prolonging of humanity.Works CitedIngersoll, Kostof. . World Architecture, A Cross-Cultural History. New York Oxford UniversityPress, USA, 2013. print.Varien, M. . Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape Mesa Verde & Beyond. ArizonaThe University of Arizona Press, USA, 1999. print.Venturi et al. . breeding FROM LAS VEGAS THE FORGOrIEN SYMBOUSM OFARCHITECTURAL FORM. Massachusetts The MIT Press, USA, 2013. print. Williams, R. . Keywords, a vocabulary of culture and society. New York Oxford UniversityPress, USA, 1976. print.1 The Citation referring to Brush and Turner comes from a cited source in Varien, Ms book.

Malorie Blackman- Noughts and Crosses Personal Response

Noughts and Crosses- Malorie Blackman The oblige Noughts and Crosses is a sitting on the fence sort of chief(prenominal)tain for me. The writing of it hooked you in and made you think but I absolutely hated what happened in the end. The plot was good but as I said I didnt like some things that occurred during the novel, like the fact C in allum dying made me want to scream and rip my hair out (I did constrain myself by the way). But the fact that I did want to do that was because you grew attached to the characters, as if they were real people. Even if theyre not, they could be in the future, you never love ) I hated/ loved that close the book. My favourite characters would have to be the guys of Callums family, especially Callum. Partly because of his complete it is how it is attitude and his loyalty. Even though some people probably hated Jude, I quite liked him. He had a tough attitude, but really he was quite vulnerable, especially at the end when hes pretty much lost all his family because of the Crosses.I also held quite a fair bit of respect (for a book character anyway) for Ryan, Callums dad. His courage for taking the consequences of Judes slight slip up, originally resulting in him going to the gallows to hang. Even though he ended up not hanging he walked up to the gallows expecting death. And not backing down from it accepting death so his family could live. I didnt like Sephy particularly in fact I hated her to be honest.I didnt like the choices that she made choosing the baby over Callum. I most certainly disliked her parents, most of all her father. But I started to tolerate her mother near the end when you find out she paid for the lawyer to help Ryan. My favourite scene would have to be. I actually dont have a favourite scene, lol The setting of the book was based sometime in the future it hasnt happened and is a possibility, who knows, it could happen (shudder). I think the book was targeted at teens.I also think that Malorie Blackman s wapped the places of the people in charge so people would feel or presuppose what it would be like if we were in their place, seeing as one of the main themes was racism. A few other themes were sacrifice, love and friendship and another main one,-death. render and death made a big part of this book, constantly having to choose between love, family, religion and your race. It was a massive balancing act for the two main characters, Sephy andCallum, who you got to study in depth of how they thought and what choices they always had to make as they were constantly switching between characters point of views thats how the book was written, in points of view. I think this book inspires a whole pile of what if? questions its not too hard to imagine how much our lives would be different, and not by a little. I think shes really trying to make us look deeper into the racism that surrounds this book. Even though it is made up, the more you think about it, the possibility of it happening i s actually quite possible, scarily enough. Arianna Hogan

Employee right case study bea Essay

The Pledge of Loyalty is part of the baptismal of fire when you enter an organization. When you become part of a group, you are obliged to follow the make whoopie or if you cannot, just leave. And this will play a crucial role in the discussion of this case study.On the first question of Allen Lopez retaining his job, while the first gear Amendment states that Lopez airing of grievance is protected under the Freedom of Expression, he is, however, in conflict with the crime of defamation and for not observing employment restrictions and loyalty oaths. So while he is allowed to use whatever medium to state his feelings and ideas, the law allows his company to fire him for he endangers the security of his companys workforce.On the turn question on whether Lopez be forced to remove his website, the company may do one of two things. First, the company may petition for Temporary Restraining severalize that will be issued by the court which will then order Lopez to freeze the website or to bring it down temporarily before the court decides on whether putting up the website did violate company laws as stated in the loyalty pledge. Second is to sue Lopez for damages and include in their motion that he bring down the website to curb further attacks on the companys image.Lastly, on how ExtremeNets executives will respect Lopezs rights and dignity, it is best for ExtremeNet to simply have the court to bring the website down especially if it did not pose any significant negative effects in the dealings of the company. Allen Lopez has been a good employee and was alone fighting for the welfare of the lower ranking employees. But still, it is in the discretion of ExtremeNet to either fire or retain Allen Lopez in the company.FindLaw. First Amendment Freedom of Expression. eLaws. habit Law Guide.

Binders Beverage & Landscaping Essay

To help Bill Binder pick the best route to take his bottles from his plant to his w atomic number 18house we can use the shortest path model. The shortest path model finds how to transport items/people from on location to another while minimizing the total keep traveled, time taken or some other measures. In Bills case we will besmirch the time it takes to transport his bottles from his plant at node 1 to his warehouse at node 10. A road map for Binders Beverage with the nodes and distances stated in minutes is depicted below.Binders Beverage Road MapThe solution of Bills problem shows that the shortest path (measured in terms of time) from the plant to the warehouse is 60 minutes and involves traveling through nodes 2, 4, 8 and 9. The Excel Solution from Solver is attached separately. At node one which is the supply node the net point is -1. At node 10 which is the demand node the net fly the coop is 1. All other nodes are transshipment nodes and hence have a net flow equal to zero. Below you can find a screenshot from Excel.CASE STUDY, BALAKRISHNAN, CHAPTER 2GOLDING LANDSCAPING AND PLANTS1. LP Problem FormulationIn this case study there are four decision variables.C30 = Pounds of C-30 to put in a fifty bag fertilizerC92 = Pounds of C-92 to put in a fifty bag fertilizerD = Pounds of D-21 to put in a fifty bag fertilizerE = Pounds of E-11 to put in a fifty bag fertilizerThe objective is to minimize the comprise of chemical compounds used and can be written asMinimize Total Cost = $0.12(C30) + $0.09(C92) + $0.11(D) + $0.04(E)subject to following unobtrusivenesssa) E= 0.15 (C30+C92+D+E)b) C92+C30= 0.45 (C30+C92+D+E)c) D+C92= 02. The Best solution is to use 7.5 of C-30, 15 of C-92 and 27.5 of E-11 and not to include D-21 in the mix at all. This will result in a cost of $3.35 per 50 bag.Excel Solution is attached as a separate file. Screenshots of solution and formulas are given below.All constraints are binding with the exception of constraint (a), which i ndicated that E-11 should at least comprise 15% of the blend. This would mean the lower bound of E-11 to be used was 7.5, where in fact we ended up using 27.5 of E-11. The disparity of 20 is shown in the answer report as a slack of 20.

Why teams don’t work?

Here be whatsoever reports from the field, cited by Osborn, Moran, Mushiest, and Zinger (1990) in Self-Directed land Teams The New American Challenge. At Xerox, the authors report, Plants using range squad ups ar 30 percent more productive than conventionally organized plants. Procter & Gamble gets 30 to 40 percent higher productivity at its 18 team-based plants. Tektronix Inc. Reports that peerless self-directed shit team with by delay turns out as many products in 3 days as it in one case took an entire assembly line to produce in 14 days. Federal Express cut service glitches much(prenominal) as incorrect bills and mixed-up packages by 13 percent.Shenandoah Life processes 50 percent more applications and customer service requests using work teams, with 10 percent fewer tidy sum. (up. 5-6) dogged stuff, that, and it is reinforced by back-cover blurbs. Tom Peters Selfridges work teams atomic number 18 the cornerstone of improved competitiveness .. . Bob Waterman Self -Directed Work Teams seems too dangerous to be true dramatic improvement in productivity and a happier, more committed, more flexible work force. Yet They do just what they promise for the likes of P&G, GE, and Ford. It introduces sense. Teams bring more resources, and more diverse resources, to bear J.Richard Hickman Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Theory and Research on Small Groups, edited by R. Scott Tindal et al. Plenum Press, New York, 1998. 245 246 on a toil than could any single performer. Moreover, teams offer flexibility in the use of those resources-?the capability to quickly redeploy member talents and energies and to keep the work exhalation even when round members atomic number 18 unavailable. Teams composed of people from different units can transcend traditional functional and organisational barriers and get members pulling together toward incarnate objectives.And, of course, teams offer the potential for syn ergy, that wonderful state when a group clicksand members achieve nighthing together that no one of them could possibly have accomplished solely. These atomic number 18 depicted object benefits, worthy of the attention of the attracters of any purposive enterprise. No wonder Steersman found teams to be so pop. But there is a get at here. Research evidence or so team performance shows that teams usually do less salutary-? non better-?than the sum of their members individual contributions. I first encountered this bleak accompaniment as a beginning doctoral student at he University of Illinois.In a course on group dynamics, Ivan Steiner put on the board his now well-kn hold equation AP = UP PL that is, the actual productivity of a group equals its potential productivity (what the team is theoretically capable of, given over the resources brought by members) negatively charged what he called process losses such as coordination and motivational problems (Steiner, 1972). I w as surprised that there was no term for process gains, the synergistic benefits that can pop when people work together. The model, I thought, should really read AP = UP PL + PEG. It turns out hat there is no empirical Justification for that extra term.When interacting teams ar compared to titulary groups (I. E. , groups that never meet, whose output is constructed by combining the separate contributions of those who would have been members), nominal groups usually win. And when Steiners models miss the mark in empirical studies, the problem usually is that groups flush it to achieve even the relatively modest performance targets specified by those models. At least for groups in the experimental laboratory. Maybe the laboratory context is so cumber that groups do non have the elbow room to show what they can do.Maybe the real advantages of groups are only to be found in organizational practice. I came up short on this hypothesis as well, this time at the hands of Bill Hicks, an editor at Josses- Bass. My colleagues and I had completed an intense study of some 33 different work groups of all different kinds-?athletic teams, industrial production workers, top management teams, prison guards, airline crews, sparing analysts, and more. We pulled our findings together in a book that I proposed be titled Groups That Work, a catchy phrase with what I thought to be a intelligent pun.Bill sat me down and said hed e happy to publish the book, but not with that title There were Just too many groups in our study that barely worked at all. I went back to the manuscript and found that he was right. Probably 4 of our 33 groups were actually effective teams. The rest had problems so stressful that our analysis was in the main about what had gone wrong with them. So the book was published with a parenthetical phrase after my clever title Groups That Work (And Those That Dont). Anyone who actually reads through it entrust discover, as Bill did, that most of our gro ups lie within the parentheses. Moreover, the preface of the book offers a cautionary note about team effectiveness, based on the experience of the authors who wrote it. The book took 9 years to be completed, mainly because our own team suffered a near-total collapse midway through the project. 247 early(a) in-depth studies of real groups do real work provide additional reasons for concern-?such Irving Jinnis (1982) well-known demonstration that even highly cohesive groups composed of well-qualified, well-motivated people sometimes fall into a pattern of groupingthat can yield disastrous constitution recommendations.What, then, are we to make of all the team successes reported in the managerial literature? It is possible, of course, that the published claims are exaggerated, as writers have sought to catch the wave of enthusiasm about teams-?to sell books, to build consulting practices, to market training programs, to wrick team gurus. That is not a sufficient explanation. Inde ed, I trust the accuracy of the numbers about productivity and service gains that are reported in the popular books about teams. My concern, instead, is whether those numbers really mean what they seem to mean.Consider first the attributions that are made about the causes of team successes. After teams have been implemented in an organizational unit, its performance habitually is compared to that of a conventional unit (or, perhaps, to the same one before teams were installed). Such comparisons are fraught with interpretive ambiguities, because there invariably are many differences between the units compared-? in technologies, labor markets, senior managers, and so on. It more or less never is the case that the only change is that work previously done by individuals is now per make by teams.Was it the teams that generated the improvements, or was it one of the new(prenominal) differences between the units? It is not possible to know for sure. 2 Questions also can be raised about t he staying power of any performance improvements obtained when teams are installed. The implementation of any new management program, be it self-managing teams or anything else, invariably involves intense scrutiny of the unit where the changes will occur. Taking a close look at any work unit that has been operating for a while almost always surfaces some inefficiencies and poor work procedures.These incidental problems are corrected as part of the change process-?it would be foolish not to. But in making those corrections, an interpretive equivocalness is introduced. Was it the team design that replyed in the improvements found, or was it that a shoddy work system was shaped p? Virtually any intervention that is not itself ruinous has a better-than-even chance of generating short-term improvements, simply because of the value of intently inspecting a work system. This, in addition to any benefits from the well- known Hawthorne effect (Rotisseries & Dickson, 1939).The question, t hen, is whether short-term improvements associated with the unveiling of teams are sustained over time as the newness wears off and inefficiencies begin to creep back into the system. Again, it is not possible to know for sure-?at least not without an appropriate commodiousitudinal look for design. 2 The solution to this problem, of course, is to strike experimental research on the impact of team designs for work, because true experiments allow unambiguous inferences to be drawn about the causes of any effects obtained.Unfortunately, experiments are rarely a viable option for comparing team and traditional work designs in organizations. For one thing, the level of experimenter control required in such studies (I. E. , to randomly assign people to teams and teams to experimental conditions) would not be tolerated by most managers who have work to get out. And even if an organization were found in which managers would relinquish such control to experimenters, there would be serio us questions about the generalization of findings obtained in such an unusual place (Hickman, 1985). 248 So what is going on here?How can we reconcile the amazing reports from the field about the benefits of teams with the gloomy picture that has emerged from scholarly research on group performance? Do teams generate the benefits for their organizations that are claimed for them, or do they not? 3 My observations of teams in organizations suggest that teams tend to clump at both ends of the effectiveness continuum. Teams that go sour practically do so in multiple ways -?clients are dissatisfied with a teams work, members become prevent and disillusioned, and the team becomes ever weaker as a performing unit.Such teams are easily outperformed by smoothly functioning traditional units. On the other hand, teams that function well can indeed achieve a level of synergy and agility that never could be preprogrammed by organization planners or enforced by orthogonal managers. Members of such teams respond to their clients and to each other quickly and creatively, generating both superb performance and ever-increasing personal ND collective capability. Teams, then, are somewhat akin to auditory sensation amplifiers Whatever passes through the device-?be it signal or noise-?comes out louder.To ask whether organizational performance improves when teams are used to accomplish work is to ask a question that has no general answer. A more tractable question, and the one explored in the remainder of this chapter, is what differentiates those teams that go into orbit and achieve real synergy from those that break apart and bum. As we will see, the answer to this second question has much more to do with how teams are trucked and supported than with any inherent virtues or liabilities of teams as performing units. fractures Managers Make In the course of several research projects, my colleagues and I have identified a number of mistakes that designers and leaders of work g roups sometimes make. What follows is a epitome of the six most pernicious of these mistakes, along with the actions that those who create and lead work teams in organizations can take to avoid them. 4 Mistake l employment a Team for Work That Is Better Done by Individuals There are some tasks that only a team can do, such as performing a string quartet or arraying out a multiparty negotiation.There are other tasks, however, that are inimical to team work. One such task is creative writing. Not many great novels, There is a large and diverse published literature on the performance of self-managing teams. Here is a fresher set of illustrative and informative pieces Cohen and Leotard (1994), Sorcery, Mueller, and Smith (1991), Gun (1984), Jackson, Malarkey, and Parker (1994), Pops and Marcus (1980), Wall, Kemp, Jackson, and College (1986), and Walton (1980). Some of the material in the next section is adapted from Hickman (1990). 3 Why Teams Downtowns 249 symphonic scores, or epic poems have been written by teams. Such tasks involve bringing to the surface, organizing, and expressing thoughts and ideas that are but partially formed in ones mind (or, in some cases, that lie deep in ones unconscious), and they are inherently better suited for individual than for collective performance. withal committee reports-?mundane products compared to novels, poems, and musical scores-?invariably turn out better when written by one talented individual on behalf of a group than by the group as a whole work in lockstep. The same is true for executive leadership. For all the attention being given to top management teams these days, my reading of the management literature is that successful organizations almost always are led by a single, talented and courageous human being.Among the many executive functions that are better accomplished by an especial(a) individual than by an interacting team is the articulation of a challenging and inspiring collective direction. Here, for e x extensive, is a mission statement copied from a poster in a company cafeteria Our mission is to provide quality products and arrives that meet the demand of individuals and businesses, allowing us to prosper and provide a fair return to our stockholders. Although I do not know how that particular statement was prepared, I would be willing to wager that it was hammered out by a committee over many long meetings. The most engaging and powerful statements of corporate vision, by contrast, invariably are the product of a single intelligence, set forth by a leader willing to take the risk of establishing collective purposes that lie Just beyond what others believe to be the limits of the organizations capability. Beyond creative writing and executive leadership, there are many other kinds of tasks that are better done by individuals than by teams.It is a mistake-a common one and often a fatal one-?to use a team for work that requires the act upon of powers that reside within and are best expressed by individual human beings. Mistake 2 Call the playing Unit a Team but Really Manage Members as To reap the benefits of teamwork, one must actually build a team. Real teams are bounded social systems whose members are interdependent for a shared purpose, and who interact as a unit with other individuals and groups in achieving that repose (Alder, 1977).Teams can be small or large, face-to-face or electronically connected, and temporary or permanent. Only if a group is so large, loosely connected, or short-lived that members cannot officiate as an intact social system does the entity cease to be a team. Managers sometimes attempt to capture the benefits of teamwork by simply declaring that some set of people (often everyone who reports to the same supervisor) is now a team and that members should henceforth behave accordingly.Real teams cannot be created that way. Instead, unequivocal action must be taken to establish and affirm the teams boundaries, to trammel the task for which members are collectively responsible, and to give the team the autonomy members need to manage both their 250 own team processes and their relations with external entities such as clients and coworkers. Creating and launching real teams is not something that can be accomplished casually, as is illustrated by research on airline cockpit crews.It is team functioning, rather than mechanical problems or the technical proficiency of individual pilots, that is at the root of most airline accidents (Helices & Focuses, 1993). Crews are especially vulnerable when they are Just starting out the discipline Transportation Safety Board (NTIS) found that 73% of the accidents in its database occurred on the crews first day of flying together, and 44% of those accidents happened on the crews very first charge (National Transportation Safety Board, 1994, up. 0-41). Other research has shown that experienced crews, even when fatigued, perform significantly better than do rested crews whose members have not worked together (Focuses, Lubber, Battle, & Comb, 1986), and that a competent preflight briefing by he captain can help reduce a crews exposure to the liabilities of newness (Gannett, 1993). This substantial body of research has clear constitution implications.Crews should be kept intact over time, preflight briefings should be standard practice, and captains should be trained in the skills needed to conduct briefings that get crews off to a good start (Hickman, 1993). Yet in most airlines, crew composition is constantly changing because of the long-standing practice, enforced by labor contracts, of assigning pilots to trips, positions, and aircraft as individuals-?usually on the basis of seniority bidding system. Virtually all U. S. Airlines now do require that crew briefings be held.Yet captains receive little training in how to conduct a good one, some briefings are quite cursory (e. G. , Lets the social hour over real quick so we can get on out to the ai rplane), and schedules can get so hectic that crew members whitethorn not even have time for proper introductions, let alone a briefing, before they start to fly together. Creating and launching real teams is a significant challenge in organizations such as airlines that have deeply grow policies and practices that are oriented primarily toward individuals rather than teams.To try to capture the benefits of teamwork in such organizations, managers sometimes opt for a mixed model in which some parts of the work and the reward system are structured for individual performance, whereas other parts require teamwork and provide team- based rewards. Research has shown that such compromises rarely work well. Mixed models send contradictory signals to members, engender confusion about who is responsible and accountable for what portions of the work, and generally underperformed both individual and real-team models (Washman, 1995).If the performing unit is to be a team, then it should be a r eal team-?and it should be managed as such. Mistake 3 Fall Off the Authority Balance Beam The exercise of authority creates anxiety, especially when one must balance between assigning a team authority for some parts of the work and withholding it for other parts. Because both managers and team members tend to be uncomfortable in 251 such details, they may implicitly collude to clarifying is really in charge of the work.Sometimes the result is the assignment of virtually all authority to the team-? which can result in anarchy or in a team heading off in an inappropriate direction. Other times, managers retain all authority for themselves, dictating work procedures in detail to team members and, in the process, losing many of the advantages that can accrue from team work. To prevent an appropriate balance of authority between managers and teams requires that anxieties be managed rather than minimized. Moreover, it is insufficient merely to decide how much authority a team should ha ve.Equally important are the domains of authority that are assigned to teams and retained by managers. Our research suggests that team effectiveness is enhanced when managers are unapologetic and insistent about exercising their own legitimate authority about direction, the end states the team is to pursue. Authority about the means by which those ends are accomplished, however, should rest squarely with the team itself. 5 irrelevant to traditional wisdom about participative management, to authoritatively set a clear, engaging direction for a team is to empower, not deplorer, it.Having clear direction helps align team efforts with the objectives of the parent organization, provides members with a criterion to use in choosing among various means for pursuing those objectives, and fosters the motivational engagement of team members. When direction is absent or unclear, members may wallow in uncertainty about what they should be doing and may even have difficulty generating the motiva tion to do much of anything. Few design choices are more consequential for the long-term well-being of teams than those that address the partitioning of authority between managers and teams.It takes skill to accomplish this well, and it is a skill that has emotional and behavioral as well as cognitive components. Just knowing the rules for partitioning authority is insufficient one also needs some practice in applying those rules in situations where anxieties, including ones own, are likely to be high. 6 Especially challenging are the early stages of a groups life (when well-meaning managers may be tempted to give away too much authority) and when the going gets rough (when the temptation is to take authority back too soon).The management of authority relations with task- performing groups is much like walking a balance beam, and our evidence suggests that it takes a good measure of knowledge, skill, and perseverance to keep from falling off. As used here, the terms manager and tea m refer to conventional organizational arrangements in which some individuals (managers) are authorized to structure work for performance by other organization members. Teams that have been given the authority to monitor and manage their own work processes are therefore called self-managing. In some circumstances, teams also have the authority to set their own direction. Examples acknowledge physicians in a small-group practice, a professional string quartet, and a mom-and-pop grocery store. These kinds of teams are referred to as self-governing (Hickman, 1986). Given that newly minted Mambas increasingly find themselves working(a) in or leading task-performing teams immediately after graduation, it is unfortunate that few MBA programs provide their students with practice and feedback in developing such skills. 252 Mistake 4 peel Existing Organizational Structures So That Teams Will Be Fully Empoweredto Accomplish the Work Traditionally designed organizations often are plagued by constraining structures that have been built up over the years to monitor and control employee behavior. When teams are used to perform work, such structures tend to be viewed as needful bureaucratic impediments to group functioning. Thus, Just as some managers mistakenly attempt to empower groups by relinquishing all authority to them, so do some attempt to cut through bureaucratic obstacles to team functioning by dismantling all the structures that they can.The assumption, apparently, is that removing structures will release the pent-up power of groups and make it possible for members to work together creatively and effectively. Managers who hold this view often wind up providing teams with less structure than they actually need. Tasks are defined only in vague, general terms. Lots of people ay be involved in the work, but the actual membership of the team is unclear. Norms of conduct are kept deliberately fuzzy. In the words of one manager, The team will work out the details. I f anything, the opposite is true Groups with appropriate structures tend to develop healthy internal processes, whereas groups with insufficient or inappropriate structures tend to be plagued with process problems. 7 Because managers and members of troubled groups often perceive, wrongly, that their performance problems are due mainly to interpersonal difficulties, they may turn to process- cogitate coaching as a remedy. But process character is unlikely to be helpful in such cases, precisely because the difficulties are structurally rooted.It is a near impossibility for members to learn how to interact well within a flawed or underspecified team structure. Our research suggests that an enabling structure for a work team has three components. First is a well-designed team task, one that engages and sustains member motivation. Such tasks are whole and meaningful pieces of work that stretch members skills, that provide ample autonomy for doing what needs to be done to accomplish the work, and that generate direct and rusticity feedback about results. Second is a well-composed group.Such groups are as small as possible, have clear boundaries, include members with adequate task and interpersonal skills, and have a good mix of members-?people who are neither so resembling to one another that they are like peas in a pod nor so different that they are unable to work together. Third is clear and explicit specification of the basic norms of conduct for team behavior, the handful of must do and must never do behaviors that allow members to pursue their objectives without having to continuously discuss what kinds of behaviors are and are not acceptable.Although groups invariably develop their own norms over time, it is important to establish at the outset that members are expected to continuously monitor This arcdegree is reinforced in a quite different context by an essay written by Joe Freeman (1973) for her sisters in the feminist movement in the asses. The messag e of the essay is neatly captured by its title The Tyranny of Structuralizes. 7 253 their environment and to revise their performance strategy as needed when their work situation changes.The key question about structure, then, is not how much of it a team has. Rather, it is bout the kind of structure that is provided Does it enable and support collective work, or does it make teamwork more difficult and frustrating than it need be? Mistake 5 Specify Challenging Team Objectives, but Skimp on Organizational Supports Even if a work team has clear, engaging direction and an enabling structure, its performance can go sour-?or fall well below the groups potential-?if it has insufficient organizational support.Teams in what Richard Walton (1985) calls high commitment organizations can fall victim to this mistake when they are given challenging objectives but not the resources to achieve them. Such teams often start out with great enthusiasm but then become disillusioned as they encounter frustration after frustration in trying to obtain the organizational supports they need to accomplish the work. If the full potential of work teams is to be realized, organizational structures and systems must actively support competent teamwork.Key supports include (1) a reward system that recognizes and reinforces excellent team performance (not Just individual contributions) (2) an educational system that provides teams, at their initiative, any training or technical consultation that may be added to supplement members own knowledge and expertise (3) an info system that provides teams the data and forecasts members need to proactively manage their work and (4) the mundane material resources-?equipment, tools, space, money, staff, or whatever-?that the work requires.It is no small undertaking to provide these supports to teams, especially in organizations that already have been tuned to support work performed by individuals. Existing performance estimate systems, for example, ma y be state-of- the-art for measuring individual contributions but wholly inappropriate for assessing ND rewarding work done by teams. Corporate compensation policy may make no provision for team bonuses and, indeed, may explicitly prohibit them.Human resource departments may be primed to identify individuals training needs and to provide first-rate courses to fill those needs, but training in team skills may not be available at all. Information and control systems may provide senior managers with data that help them monitor and control overall organizational performance, but teams may not be able to get the information they need to autonomously manage their own work processes.To align existing organizational systems with the needs of task-performing teams usually requires managers to exercise power and influence both upward and laterally in the organization, and may involve difficult negotiations across functional boundaries. For these reasons, providing contextual supports for team s can be a 254 significant challenge for managers whose experience and expertise has mainly involved supporting and controlling work performed by individuals. That challenge is worth taking on, however, because an unsupported organizational context can undermine even teams that are otherwise quite well directed and well structured.It is especially shattering for a team to fail merely because the organizational supports it needs cannot be obtained. Mistake 6 Assume That Members Already Have All the Skills They Need to Work Well as a Team Once a team has been formed and given its task, managers sometimes assume their work is done. A strict hands-off stance, however, can limit a teams effectiveness when members are not already skilful and experienced in teamwork-?a not uncommon state of affairs in cultures where individualism is a dominant value. It can be helpful,

Should Yahoo have been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworth’s email to his Parents?

In this essay, I will attempt to analyze the utile and deontological considerations of the force of should Yahoo had been forced to turn over Justin Ellsworths emails to his pargonnts. Individual screen is most valuable right that people possesses especially during our time of climb technology. It is among the essential values on which our country was founded. As with all rights, there atomic number 18 limitations. Technology advancement has added more than challenges to individual privacy. Email privacy is an issue that affects a growing subprogram of people. To fully appreciate the lack of privacy and security of our email messages, it is important to understand the issues and threat that exist (Inforweblink). Many fence that a person email draw contains as much as information as a person bank account if non more and it should be treated as such. If we should treat our email accounts as our bank accounts then is it right for the courts to force companies to hand over info rmation to third parties? functional consideration is described as the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Bentham).To determine who would gain the most from the emails, we must identify the parties involve. The parties involved are Yahoo (the email service provider), Justin and Justins parents. With all email account, the user must sign a user agreement. In most agreement, privacy is the number one topic covered. Yahoo user agreement states, You agree that your Yahoo account is non-transferable and any rights to your Yahoo ID or contents within your account apprise upon your death. The statement was created to shelter the privacy of all including the decease.Yahoo risked losing the trust of its users if they willingly gave up Justins email to his parents. According to Yahoo Information Sharing and manifestation section of the user agreement, Yahoo does not rent, sell, or share personal information about you with other people or nonaffiliated companies except to pr ovide products or services youve requested, when we have your permission. Therefore, if Justin wanting to share his information with his parents, then he would have gave them access to his account. i should get going oh by the way i am saveing all of the e-mails that i get from everyon. They really brighten my day i love you and i will talk to you soon LOVEYOUALL LOTS JUSTIN These are some of the emails that Justin sent to his father, John Ellsworth. John will hold these words close to his heart. John pleaded with Yahoo to release the email to his family to fulfill the family wishes of reading, seeing, and knowing the novel mans last words, pictures and thoughts from the front lines of Iraq. I want to be able to remember him in his words. I know he thought he was doing what he needed to do.I want to have that for the future, John said. Its the last thing I have of my son. Where should we put the most emphasis, Justins family memory or protecting the privacy of others? Justins a ccount not only contains emails to his parents but to other also. If Yahoo had giving up the emails willingly to Justins parents, they would be violating the Justin privacy and those who he was corresponding with. After examining each party involved it clearly shows that Yahoo would gain the most of the email because the privacy of all is just as important as one.Deontological considerations access a person rights and duty associated with that right. Yahoo and Justin entered into a contract once Justin agreed to the terms and condition set off by Yahoo in its user agreement therefore creating a contractual right. Yahoo has a contractual obligation to Justin and all e-mail subscribers to protect their confidentiality and privacy dead or alive (Jennifer Chamber/ the Detroit News). When Yahoo declined Justins parents access to his account they were fulfilling their obligation that they had with Justin.Many were quick to value Yahoo without fully examining the situation. Frank McNeli s, a former Air Force officer said, Yahoo could make an exception if it wanted to in this case I think its outrageous, he said. Justin had a part in the contractual agreement also. Yahoo Terms of Service agreement states, You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of the password and account Once Justin accepted those terms, he was obligated to carry out his role in the TOS. The TOS might have played a part in Justin not giving his parents access to his account or maybe he just wanted his privacy.Looking at the deontological aspect of this situation, Yahoo was right to decline the family survey to Justin Ellsworths email account. Decided who was right in the case, brought up some challenges that had to be worked through in order to make the correct moral decision. morally it was wrong of the court to force Yahoo to give up Justins emails to his parents. Yahoo is bound to protect their user privacy. The contractual right that Yahoo overlap with Justin enabled them to make the moral decision.

Analysis of a Copper Sulfate Sample Essay

The purpose of this experiment is to find the existential formula of a hydrous copper sulfate sample and the amount of water in the sample. This whole process will be determined in three several(predicate) experiments. ProcedureExperiment 1 Percentage of water in sample.The percentage of water in hydrous copper sulfate was determined. Clean, dry and weight the melting pot then add sample of hydrous copper sulfate and reweigh crucible. Heat the sample until it becomes white, which indicates that the water was removed. Let the crucible cool, then reweigh. Repeat until there is a constant temperature.Experiment 2 Percentage of copper in water in sample.Next the percentage of copper in the hydrous copper sulfate needs to be determined. Clean the glassware then get four 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 25 mL of the stock solution and aqueous solvent. evolve all the unknown sample solutions for determining Beers Law Graph. Turn on colorimeter at 100% T then calibrate. Get the entropy and analyze it if it is correct.Experiment 3 Percentage of sulfate in sample.Weight out the sample and dissolve it. Heat it and then slowly add the effect agent. Heat it for about 30 minutes while assembling the filtering device. Heat the aluminum pan with the filter, cool and then weigh it. Filter out barium sulfate solution, dry out filter and weight the sample and filter. Heat and weigh repeating until it is constant.Discussion and Errors The main error that occurred was that my partner and I entered the price numbers in the Concentration section resulting in incorrect data. We put the incorrect concentration levels and we had no time to correct it. Everything in the calculation of the empirical formula came out precise though, with such little error. My highest error percent was Water with 1.5% which could have just been that I didnt burn it enough.

Developing A Model Airbag

The reaction in Trial 2 most analogously went to completion because there was an extreme increase in the follow of CA gas produced and in our observations, we did not notice any reactants that had not undergone a chemical change. The much effective design of the model played a significant role in the large production of CA gas because representative 1 exceeded the mass limit, we used materials with smaller masses when we developed Model 2.Instead of the plastic weighing oat, we used the other plastic bags and also used less tape to attach It to the inside of our bag. In our previous trial, we noticed that acetic acid was leaking through the barrier. In order to generate a more efficient separation mechanism, we placed the sodium bicarbonate in the pocket instead of the acetic acid. The higher walls of the pocket used in Model 2 also served to pr pull downt any of the sodium bicarbonate from falling out during transportation.However, like in Trial 1/Model 1, a possible source of error may be found in Our measuring rodments it was difficult to accurately measure the volume of the acetic acid and to measure the height of our airbag after the substances inside had reacted after the crash. In order to improve our experiment, it would be suitable if the trials were performed in a controlled environment at STOP to rule out any external atmospheric factors.If we had also employed more accurate methods of measurement, such as victimisation a 5 ml graduated cylinder instead of a 10 ml graduated cylinder to measure the acetic acid, we may remove been able to obtain a more completed reaction. The method used to measure the dimensions and volume of the bag was a little unreliable because there was likewise great a chance of human error. A laboratory device, possibly electric, specifically designed to measure volume could have eliminated any discrepancies in our measurements and calculations.Model 2 would be the most appropriate design for inflating airbags. As not ed in Table 1, not only did it produce the greatest amount of CA , even more than we had initially predicted, but it also met the mass requirements. It also included the most effective system of keeping the reactants separate but allowing them to quickly deploy when it was time to perform the trial. The high walls of the pocket were suitable for preventing the Enhance from pilling during the building or transfer of the model. The design was also lighter in mass and more compact in size.

Coppola Film Style Essay

Francis Ford Coppola has produced many films over his c arer. Two of his films that have become really popular are The Godfather and manifestation presently Coppola uses many of the same fixingss in his films. In particular he uses cross cutting, squiffy ups, non-simultaneous heavy, the element of innocence, and the greatness of the music. By looking at The Godfather and disclosure Now these elements are clearly represented.The element of cross cutting is utilize in The Godfather in the baptism scene. While Michaels niece is in the church and the priest is going away over his vows of fitting her godfather the television television camera cuts between the killing of all the heads of the other mafia families. In Apocalypse Now cross cutting is used when Wilard is killing Captin Kurtz. While Wilard is killing Kurtz the camera cuts between their job bath in the temple to the religious ceremony outside that the Vietnamese are sacrificing what appears to be a water buffalo.No n-simultaneous perish is used in Apocalypse Now when the American army is flying into a subtile Vietnamese village. The camera is focused on a small schoolhouse and in the background signal the sound of helicopter propellers spinning can be heard. As the helicopters near the village the kernel turns on an instrumental piece by Beethoven, which is supposed to scare the villagers. Another casing of non-simultaneous sound is used in Apocalypse Now when Wilard gets off the gravy holder at the last spot before he enters Cambodia.The interpretive program of a Vietnamese man can be heard shouting slurs at the Americans but the camera does not show him. One of the soldiers shoots in the direction where the voice is coming from and then there is naught but silence. Even though the man is not shown the sound implies that he is dead. During the baptism scene in The Godfather non-simultaneous sound is used as well. As the heads of the families are being killed the voices from the church can be heard as Michael is accepting his vows of becoming the godfather. Footsteps echo through a separate hallway from the church as the camera focuses in on the alter at the church.Innocence is represented in The Godfather through Micheals character. In the source of the film he is completely separate from the family business.He does not want anything to do with it. As the film continues on his fathers life is put in danger and he is well-nigh killed. Michael stays by his side and protects him. By his actions of protecting his father he is inducted into the family business. Which results him in becoming the new head of his family. By becoming the godfather Michael looses his innocence because he has to kill people and participate in illegal activities. In Apocalypse Now the element of innocence is represented by a small puppy.As Wilard and his crew are floating down the river in their boat they come across a Vietnamese family on a boat. They pull up alongside it and Wilard orders Cook to go inspect the boat to see if they are stowing any weapons on board. The woman on the boat made a quick movement and Wilard and his crew got scared and started shooting everywhere resulting in the death of the family that was on the boat. by and by the shooting stopped Cook realized that she was just trying to protect her little puppy that she had unplowed hidden. One of the other crew members decides to take the puppy on to their own boat and bring it along for the rest of their journey.The importance of score is represented in Apocalypse Now while Cook is academic term on the boat and starts to make the radio call to bomb the area where Kutrz is staying. In the background the sound of drums are used to simulate the steps of feet approaching the boat. Another example is when the helicopters are flying into the Vietnamese village the captain blasts a Beethoven song. The song ties into the scene perfectly because the composer is known to be very racist and while the song i s playing the captain calls out many racial slurs. In The Godfather an example of useful score is when the film producer of a new movie is laying in screw and as the camera pans up to where he is sleeping the music in the background get louder and louder. When the producer wakes up he is covered in blood and he starts to scream which then turns into the baby in the mafia family crying.The element of close ups is another common element used by Coppola. In the Apocalypse Now many close ups are used on Wilards face and eyes. These close ups are used to convey the emotions he has and to show how war is effecting his character. The intensity of Kurtz is also shown through the use of close ups. In the scene where he drops Cooks head in Wilards lap isan excellent example of this. Kurtz approaches Wilard and the camera focuses on the demeanor on his face, Kurtz shows no emotion and just stares straight into the cameras eyes, he appears to be almost inhuman.Close ups are used in The Godfa ther to accentuate the importance of family as well as close ups on hands. The figure of hands was to show that their family was in control of everything that happened. No one could deny them because all they would need to do is make them an offer they couldnt refuse. The close ups to show the importance of family played through out the full(a) movie because their main goal was to keep business and family separate.Francis Ford Coppola used many common elements in his films such, cross cutting, close ups, non-simultaneous sound, the element of innocence, and the importance of the music. By watching The God Father and Apocalypse Now these elements are clearly represented. Coppola has a clear film style that cannot be argued to exclude the elements of cross cutting, importance of music, close ups, and innocence. In any of his films one or more of these elements are used.

Exercise 29

9Name Brielle Cantagallo Class Statistics Date 3/17/13 ? EXERCISE 29 Questions to be Graded * 1. Were the groups in this study independent or dependent? tender a precept for your answer. The groups in this study were independent because the two perplexs of data were not taken from the analogous subjects. The subjects were in unrivalled group female and the second group male. * 2. t = ? 3. 15 describes the dissimilitude betwixt women and men for what protean in this study? Is this observe evidentiary? Provide a balancenale for your answer. t= -3. 15 describes the difference between men and women for the variable of mental health.This value is significant because 0. 002 is less than the alpha type 1 mistake rate of 0. 05 that was used. * 3. Is t = ? 1. 99 significant? Provide a symmetrynale for your answer. Discuss the gist of this result in this study. t= -1. 99 is significant because it shows that the strong-arm functioning and health functioning of both the men and wom en in this study were almost the same across the board. The p value of 0. 049 was also the same in each of these variables concluding that the type 1 error rate for this was less than the alpha 0. 05 that was set for this study. * 4. Examine the t ratios in Table VI.Which t ratio indicates the largest difference between the males and females post MI in this study? Is this t ratio significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. The t ratio that was the largest difference between males and females post MI in this study was mental health with -3. 15. This t ratio is significant because it shows that the mental health of the women versus the men in this study was the largest difference. * 5. Consider t = ? 2. 50 and t = ? 2. 54. Which t ratio has the smaller p value? Provide a rationale for your answer. What does this result represent? T ratio -2. 54 had the smaller p value of 0. 007. -2. 0 had a p value of 0. 01. This result means that because the 0. 007 p value is less than the pre determined alpha which was 0. 05 that the observed result would be highly unlikely under the null hypothesis. Making this research credible. * 6. What is a Type I error? Is there a risk of a Type I error in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. A Type I error occurs when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is in actuality true. I do believe that there was a type 1 error risk in this study because according to the study 9 t tests were performed and the risk of type 1 errors increases when performed more than virtuoso time. 7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. I do believe that a Bonferroni procedure would need to be conducted in this study because the t test was conducted 9 times. * 8. If researchers conducted 9 t-tests on their study data. What alpha level should be used to determine significant differences between the two groups in the study? Provide your calculations. The alpha level that should be used to determine the significant differences between the two groups in this study would be 0. 006. The alpha was set to 0. 05. That needs to be shared by the 9 t tests and you get 0. 055 and when rounded becomes 0. 006 for the corrected alpha. * 9. The authors reported multiple df values in Table VI. Why were different df values reported for this study? Different df values were reported in this study probably due to non participation in certain study areas. Because of that they would have to change the df if the material body of participants was different in those areas or the research would not be accurate. * 10. What does the t value for the Physical section Score tell you about men and women post MI? If this result was consistent with previous research, how cogency you use this knowledge in your practice?The t value -2. 50 for the physical component invoice tells me that men and women have a significant difference in their perception of post MI coping. Women behold the mselves has having lower physical and psychological quality of life post MI. If this result was consistent with previous research, I could use this knowledge to set up a plan of care to assist the women with increasing their physical and psychological aspects of quality of life. I would also reach out to women and form support groups to help them better their perceptions on their quality of life.

How Technology Can Assist or Hinder Information Management Practices in Organisations

1 INTRODUCTIONTechnology has come a long way in the past 10 to 15 years and we now have access to information at just about any time, or place we wish. Organisations today rely heavily on applied science and without it, would likely push to survive. Technology has enabled us to better service the pauperisms of consumers in the ever-changing market.2 ADVANTAGESThe obvious advantage with engineering science today is that it allows instant access to information and is a great time saving mechanism. USB devices and cloud software program make it easier than ever before to access your files anywhere in the world.There is also almost no wait time whatsoever when you need to commence access to a document or the like. It has replaced the need to manually file documents which is a major advantage not only because it saves labour, the document is now much easier to find you only need to type the file name into the computer and it can bring what you are facial expression for up.Going d igital has also had a large impact on our environment, in a good way. Since the need to file documents manually has significantly reduced, we have in turn saved billions of tonnes in paper as well as reducing greenhouse gasses from producing paper related equipment in factories. Technology has also allowed us to take advantage of more storage than ever before as the need for physical file equipment has gone. For example, a server can store an earth-shattering amount more information than a filing cabinet or cupboard.3 HINDRANCESData integrity can be a major downfall when using information systems in the workplace as it relies on the user to put the data in correctly in the setoff place. Until we advance so far in technology that human input is no longer involve to collect data, then this will remain as a hindrance that we cant avoid. Whilst technology is very sophisticated in society today, it also still has the ability to malfunction and crash, it is by no means flawless. Downtim e is infrequent but it still means that we need to be keeping information back up onto multiple resources and sometimes there is a need for a hard copy to be kept which can be time consuming to maintain.4 CONCLUSIONWhilst technology is by no means flawless, it has greatly enhanced our way of life and how we keep record of information and events. If technology was just as advanced 100 years ago, we might have seen a very different recollection of historic events.In terms of technology impacting our workplace information systems, it has definitely had an effect for the better. It has allowed us to record mass amounts of information, saved us numerous hours of time and made it extremely easy to access data whenever, wherever which I timber outweighs the hindrances by far.We cant control human error but through frequent and amend training for employees, we can reduce it so that the information system being utilised becomes more reliable.

Case Study Analysis Lincoln Electric: Venturing Abroad Essay

capital of Nebraska Electric (LE) has been a producer of electrical and join technology products since the late 1800s. The community remained primarily a family and employee held company until 1995, thus approximately 40% of its virtue went to the public. James capital of Nebraska, one of the founders, developed unique oversight techniques that effectively motivated the employees. These focus techniques were executeed as an unusual (for the era) structure of compensation and benefits called incentive management. The incentive management brass consisted of four backbone areas factory jobs based solely on piecework output a year-end bonus that could equal or exceeded an individuals regular pay guaranteed employment and limited benefits. Management successors to James capital of Nebraska continue with this successful philosophy even during hard times. This incentive system provided capital of Nebraska Electric with a operative competitive advantage over its domestic competitor s.This incentive system plus the bonus allowed capital of Nebraska employees to substantiate more than their answerparts at other firms, which contributes to employee motivation. mavin additional aspect of Lincolns incentive system was that of limited benefits. James Lincoln developed a system of minimal company paid benefits, where he rationalized that fewer benefits would equate more funds available for employee bonus and compensation. The successful incentive program and participative management style provided an environment where a Lincoln be aftert could produce many times (up to three times-with half the personnel) that of a similar manufacturing plant. The employee involvement program and the incentive program at Lincoln were significant contributors to their dexterity to maintain a solid reputation as a high quality producer, which has driven smirch loyalty.When combined with the approachable and participative management style, Lincolns coating was able to continuous ly leverage changes from their employees. The management at Lincoln provided an environment where employees were free to make suggestions or complaints, these ideas became changes and the changes turned into knowledgeablenesss. Such as manufacturing equipment modifications that would run, two to three times their original rate. Lincoln continues to be profitable by significant contributions of these production efficiencies. An attach in production rates (with the same or less resources) equates directly to higher returns on investments, lightcost of goods sold, and the ability to do more with less (especially during economic challenges). In general, there is an entrepreneurial perspective at LE and the ability to harvest these innovations is Lincolns avowedly competitive advantage. As of 1995, Lincoln Electric controlled 36% of the $1.5 billon U.S. market for welding equipment and supplies, where it is considered the leading competitor.The Lincoln Electric Company possesses p ecuniary stability, they gift recently brought their debt under control as shown in Appendix B-Brief Financial Analysis, which shows an improving debt trend (current, quick, debt to assets, and debt to fair play ratios) this is considered an enabling item when embarking upon a new foreign venture, financial/resources to overcome dominance problems. In addition, Lincoln has experienced a strong recovery illustrated by the trends detailed on the net sales and income after(prenominal) taxes charts shown in Appendix B-Brief Financial Analysis.Lincoln will have to overcome its limited success in their prior international ventures, evident by the closures of plants in Germany, Japan, Venezuela, and Brazil. Some of this limited success was due to their insufficiency on international experience and a failure to provide assistance, sink or swim bodied attitude. LE might not have been looking at a long-term view and whitethorn have given up on these plants too early. Similar domestic v entures take on the modal(a) seven years before becoming profitable. Additional reasons for early international failures was the lack of contingency preparedness in the form of no corporate turn out, advice or direction. Another shortcoming of their early international ventures is that Lincoln attempted to apply its incentive management universally to all countries/cultures. They failed to understand the importance of tailoring rewards and incentives for particular proposition countries/cultures.Key elements of the first wave of LEs international ventures are domestic trading operations accounted for 85% of the worldwide production and nearly all new product development until the late 1980s, universal industry of the incentive management programs, and in general the corporation paid little attention to there international divisions. However, as of 1996, Lincolnre-organized its international ventures by naming a president for each of the five neighborhoods, this is a demonstrati on of a new emphasis and focus on the international ventures from LE.In additional to the chief executive officer having a planned oversight into the expansion there will be council consisting of each of these presidents to plan, integrate and implement global strategies. The compensation for these presidents will also include interregional cooperation. Both of these efforts address key Lincoln flunk from there prior international ventures of sink or swim corporate attitude and interregional destructive competition. one(a) final item is that Lincoln realized that in the second wave of international expansion true understanding of a country/culture is as important as technological skills.First, Lincoln essential(prenominal) continue to utilize its successful incentive and management philosophy formula for employees in the U.S. The domestic operations provide the financial/resource foundation or enabler for continued global expansion, but with no passing of focus on the domestic operation. Lincoln should complete a product structure analysis to tally which plant (domestic or international) should build which product. This analysis should consider all external environmental (particularly political) factors and ensure the companys strategies for long term and short term goals are a significant part of the analysis. A key roadblock to the expansion into Indonesia is the political environment.The civil unrest and an uncertain future regimen must be watched and analyzed with great care. A meeting should immediately be setup with the local giving medication to present Lincolns long-term strategy. However, prior to this meeting Lincoln must conduct broad research into the stability, history and any significant background information about the current regimen and so decide how to approach this potentially volatile situation. Also Lincoln must establish contingency plans should the government become a problem and consequently be continuously adjusting these contingency plans as the situation changes.One threat to Lincolns expansion plan to enter the stick welding consumables markets is that it is dominated by two other multinational firms (see Appendix A-Consumables Market) they control approximately 60% of this market. Once again, Lincoln must conduct continuous extensive marketresearch to determine risk, provide data for their living short-run and long-term tactical and strategic plans. This marketing research will also support the development of Lincolns entry strategies. Once, the production focus areas are defined Lincoln should develop incentives to ensure cooperation with no destructive competition between regions, interregional management compensation will help.A consistent set of financial metrics must be developed and utilized to determine regional performance each region will be compared in the same manner. Lincoln must also ensure that start-ups be provided a safety net of sorts that utilizes resources/innovations to comba t obstacles that would prevent success. Another recommendation is to collect lessons learned on the failed European operations, ensure that the same situations are not repeated in Asia/Indonesia. The regional presidents council will help to ensure success, however control in key decisions should be left to the corporation.A enounce venture in Indonesia is the best way to enter. Tiras relationship with high level government officials is very important due to the political situation. SSHJ has the financial strength that Tira does not. Lincoln should go into a joint venture with both Tira and SSHJ since each firm brings complementary strengths. This joint venture must be carefully crafted compensation will be direct as a partnership type between SSHJ and Tira, where incentives dwell to ensure mutual success. An agreement with SSHJ to build a new factory should be completed and support for a low interest loan to help Tira with maintaining Lincoln inventory. This joint venture will be carefully controlled and monitored by Lincoln and they will maintain the maximum amount of ownership allowed by Indonesian law. As mention previously, Lincolns competitive edge is its ability to tap into employee innovative talents and then to quickly implement them. Lincoln should conduct cultural research into what types of rewards apply to the Indonesian culture and then custom design an incentive system that utilizes these rewards.The successful implementation of this similar formula of corporate culture and incentives will allow Lincoln once again to continuously improve through employee innovations. The custom intentional incentive reward may be benefits on a rising scale additional spend/compensation time or company ownership as a stock option plan instead of the bonus/compensation plan used in the U.S. Lincoln shouldcontinue to leverage their post reputation/loyalty, and leverage their ability to produce at a lower cost (through its successful innovation processes) and t o break into this new market also, price competition should be avoided as an entry strategy. Instead, compete on product value.The planned entry strategy into the stick welding consumables is the right direction, the growth rate and potential market is very attractive, however the entry strategy must also be developed to counter whatever defensive or offensive moves the other controlling multinational firms do to prevent Lincoln from gaining market share. Finally, Lincolns long-term strategies must be compatible with achievable goals that allow capable time (seven to ten years) to for the Indonesian venture to fully develop profitably.

Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects Essay

send away Evers Boys portrays the emotional effects of ace of the most amoral instances of government activityal experimentation on humans ever perpetrated. It depicts the governments involvement in research targeting a group of African American males (The Tuskegee Experiment), while simultaneously exploring the depths of human calamity and suffering that result, as seen through the eyes of Eunice Evers.The viewer watches as a seemingly innocuous political program progresses into a full-blown ethical catastropheall the while taking Miss Evers through a moral journey, with her decisions having ramifications on the life and well-being of her best friendsher boys. I. Structure This ikon deals with the ethical considerations present in human experimentation. The government, wanting to mimic the Oslo Experiments, intends to sight a population of AfricanAmericans inflicted with syphilis.The movie takes place in alternate settings, transitioning between a 1973 Senatorial hearing and the site of the actual study in Alabama, offset printing in 1932 and moving forward. Miss Eunice Evers, a nurse at a local Tuskegee hospital, is the centerpiece of the movie. II. linguistic context & Plot Summary With an ominous lead-in quote, Miss Evers Boys begins to tell the tale of an emotionally courageous boyish woman and her struggle to protect her children. Within the first few framesof the movie, the viewer is automatically entrenched into the already tenuous history of racial tension in Americaexcept, this time, under the auspices of segregation founded upon disease.The movie begins, placing the viewer as an observer of a 1973 U. S. Senate Hearing, where we are first introduced to Miss Eunice Evers. Miss Evers is testifying as a nurse, genius who took the nurses oath to protect the health of those in her care. The claimed Senatorial goal is to look the truth underlying the Tuskegee Study. Miss Evers worked in the study from 19321972.The movie progresses throughout the course of the hearing, with testimony by Miss Evers and reminiscent scenes telling the tale of the study. In the beginning, Miss Evers firmly supports the goal of the initial programmeto provide care and treatment to those suffering from syphilis. It was the dawn of a new day, explains Miss Evers. At this story (pre-study), she believes that the government is sending her patients, and her city, the best funding and medical support available. The viewer is then introduced to Miss Evers Boysa folk music group.1 The musicians (four of them) are the first patients to provide blood samples, one of them being Caleb, an eventual(prenominal) love-interest of Miss Evers. Each of the men test positive for syphilis. At this point in the movie, everyone (including Miss Evers) is stable under that assumption that bad blood is the culprit for the disease. Ultimately, the funding for the initial study disintegrates. After a visit to Washington, various gentlemen confront Dr. Brodus, the hea d doctor in Tuskegee, with an offer for a new precept for funding.The gentlemen explain their intentions of studying the African-American population, much like the Caucasian population in the Oslo Experiments (1891-1910). The government then reveals the true nature of the experimentthe proposed study of untreated African-Americans dealing with syphilis. 1 The government promises prospective(a) treatment and The group names their band after Miss Evers when she drives them to their first musical show. 2 proclaims the future potential of the Tuskegee Experiment, appealing to Dr. Brodus pride. Dr.Brodus agrees, naming the study, The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in The Negro Male. 412 men, afflicted with syphilis, introduce in the study. In a telling interaction involving one of the first patients, Miss Evers suggests that the doctors explain to the study group that they are providing back shots. Through her deceit, Miss Evers thus begins to involve herself in the treatment. The tension she feels manifests itself in her facial features the viewer can see her apprehension in this instance and throughout the movie.She is torn, but however continues to help Dr. Brodus conduct the study. As 6-months turns into years, Miss Evers continues to hide the secret behind the study. She urges the men to continue the study, in hope of future treatmenttreatment that never comes, even through the eventual availability of penicillin. Miss Evers ultimate decision as to how she deals with the care and treatment of her boys will be left to the viewer. With the journey, however, comes a degraded story, exposing the hypocrisy of the United States Government through the eyes of Eunice Evers.Throughout the movie, as an audience, we want Miss Evers to defend all conventions and simply provide the necessary medicine to the patients. Yet, she struggles throughout with the pros and cons of such a decision. On one hand, she wants to support the experiment yet, on the other, sh e wants to protect and comfort her friends. As we finally see in the end, as seen through Miss Evers unique perspective, while one may question Miss Evers, it is the Senators themselves, and the government agents ahead them, who prove to be more worthy of moral appraisal. III.

Secondary Data Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Secondary Data outline Assignment - Essay Examplefigure 3 Deprived total compared No- expertness Level 4.2. frugal need tout ensemble Claimant compared higher train(4,5) qualifications 3.2.1 figure 4 All Claimant compared higher level(4,5) 5. number Data and ACRON 5.1. Areas of agreement 5.2. Differences 6. Advantages and disadvantages of number and ACRON 6.1. Advantages of Census 6.2. Disadvantages of Census 6.3. Advantages of ACRON 6.4. Disadvantages of ACRON 7. The Conclusion Data Sources and Their Importance 1. Introduction and Background The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced Census data during 2001 and updated it during 2004. ONS counted all people resident in the area at the time of the 2001 Census and were elderly 16 to 74 years old. On the other hand, CACI produced A classification called ACRON categorizing all UK population into 56 types. CANI provides marketing research and consumer classification data. In the following I entrust present some data anal ysis based on 2001 census data and then some information from ACRON. This practice lead help me in rationality the advantages and disadvantages of both the sources. 2. Qualifications In the following I will present the qualification simile between capital of Jamaica upon Thames (capital of Jamaica), capital of the United Kingdom, and England. This comparison will reflect the overall situation of qualifications in the single area, region, or country with respect to the percentage of all people. 2.1. Qualification Comparison All Levels As Kingston is part of London region and London region is a part of England, for valid and vivid comparison I will convert those counts into percentage with respect to all people counted in that area. Further, for better understanding the data will be represented in bar chart. 2.1.1. table 1 Comparison of Qualifications All Levels Area Level Kingston London England All People 109058 5300332 35532091 No Qualification 18707 1257929 10251674 Level 1 13315 689228 5909093 Level 2 20116 904205 6877530 Level 3 13503 518624 2962282 Level 4,5 37698 1642467 7072052 Level Others 5719 287879 2459460 Data source 2001 Census heyday Copyright 2001 2.1.2. table 2 Qualifications Comparison Percentage All Levels Area Level Kingston London England No Qualification 17 24 29 Level 1 12 13 17 Level 2 18 17 19 Level 3 12 10 8 Level 4,5 35 31 20 Level Others 5 5 7 Data source 2001 Census Crown Copyright 2001 2.1.3. figure 1 Comparison of Qualifications in Percentage All Levels name 1 reflects that in Kingston, trend of lower qualification is lower and higher qualification is higher as compare to London and England. For instance, no-qualification and level 1 qualification are respectively 17% and 12% as compare to 24,13 of London and 29,17 of England. On the other hand Level 4,5 qualification is higher in Kingston with the percentage of 35. Remember that level 1 is the lowest level of qualification in census and level 4,5 is the highest. Upon the basis of this data analysis I can safely conclude that level of qualification in Kingston is better than collective level of London and of England. In next section I will analyze whether this pattern have some correlation with economic deprivation or not? 3. Economic Deprivation In 2001 census, for economic deprivation five key figures have been mentioned. In the following I will analyze three key figures i.e., All People of Working Age Claiming a underlying Benefit(All Claiming), Jobseekers Allowance Claimants(Jobseekers claimants), and Incapacity Benefits Claimants(Incapacity claimants). 3.1. Economic Depriva

Math and students Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Math and students - Coursework Examplethe handed-down algorithmic programs and the student made algorithms .The student made algorithm may be in a set to solve the problem competently delivering the answer.In the handling of problems of algorithm, mathematical validity is a preserve of exam efficiency. The search for validity leads to granting of certain rules of solving math algorithms. The student generated algorithm is different from the traditional algorithm when the answers are similar to those derived from traditional algorithm but the formula and procedure vary from the traditional algorithm.For the algorithms generated by the students to be effective and understandable and be able to offer solutions to the math problem they should be tokenish of errors from the beginning .Therefore the teacher should be in a position to monitor the work of the students with the algorithms from the beginning of the coif to the end of the generation of the algorithm. The should be in a pos ition to explain the algorithm and how it is operating (Tracey,

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

leading and a Charismatic Leader - Assignment ExampleCharismatic lead delegates authority and can break down out great influence on the attitude and performance of the team through their personality and charm. They use dust language and facial expressions in order to appeal to the emotions of employees and persuade them in full(prenominal) commitment to work (Yukl, 2001). In phone line, transformational leadinghiphip is based on a specific view of the future based on passion and energy. These leaders seek to persuade and consider the feelings of persons and encourage their participation in decision making. extensive enthusiasm and energy of transformational leaders invigorate employees to implement new changes and new goals into practice. The ability to motivate and inspire employees is a core for the transformational leader. In order to achieve optimal goals he/she takes into account motivation, reward, and commitment. In contrast to charismatic leaders transformational l eaders stimulate their followers efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and attack old situations in new ways (Stone, et al, 2004). 2. Fiedlers Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory defines three bases of leadership relationships, power, and task. The core of this approach is to think of employees a leader works and then to score this employee on a range of scales including positive factors and negative factors. Fiedler distinguishes two types of LPC leaders high and low leaders. It means that high LPC leaders score their employees positively while low LPC leaders see their subordinates more negatively. On these assumptions, Fiedler concludes that it is common for high LPC leaders to have positive relationships with employees and support them in achieving corporate goals while low LPC leaders do not support their subordinates putting takes and demanding the work will be done properly without personal participation. If leaders do not h ave good relations with employees, they can change the nature of communication with subordinates.

Task 1-Local social inequality is increasingly disrupting community Essay

Task 1-Local social inequality is increasingly disrupting community life and destroying peoples sense of belonging. Do you agree with this statement What evidence supports your view - Essay object lessonDifferent investors may also conduct different beta formulas as to how they impart determine the bodily function of a certain stock (Dykstra, 2009), but to keep things simple and so as to not shake so much confusion, we go forth stick to this formula at hand. If you are planning to invest in Amazons stocks, using this simple beta formula will be a safe starting place for you.Now in regards to whether or not a follows gelt has a bearing on the stocks increase or decrease, it is important to understand that just because a company may announce that its fee has increased, this does not necessarily mean that the stock in the company will increase. There have been many times when a company will announce that their earnings have increased yet, their stocks have fallen. This is beca use the actual earnings did not turn out as the market plan that it would (AAI journal, 2010).Whether or not a companys stocks rise is not based on the earnings of a company rather, they are solely based on expectations. If the market expects that a company does well, then the companys shares are issue to rise. If the market thinks that the company is going to fall, then the shares are going to fall. Sometimes, the company can do un judge things, proving the predictions of the market wrong. For instance, if the company earns more than what was expected, then the company will have proven the market wrong. Then there is the case when the company will expect that a particular company will have high earning however, this is not the case. This happened with the Lehman Brothers investment firm. The Lehman Brothers investment firm was expected to have high earnings however, this was not the case. The earnings were far lower than the market expected they would be (AAI Journal, 2010).AAI journal 2010, Great Expectations Earnings and Their impact, Investing Minds, United States, viewed 21 January 2010,

Differentiating for Learning Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Differentiating for Learning Profile - Essay ExampleAlso, other ways include verbalizing the limit, creating limpid understanding, kinesthetic understanding, interpersonal understanding, intrapersonal understanding and, fin everyy, naturalizing the content (Mulligan, 2005). These are just some of the broad ways learners idler be grouped in classes. With regards to schoolchilds who understand the content through creating rhythms, educators should encourage them to sing what they are taught or create a beat about the content (Mulligan, 2005). Also, creating cheers, jingles and humming sounds will enable a student to remember what he or she was taught. Students who understand what they are taught through verbalizing the content could be back up to express it, spell the content, write it and listen to content. Students who, on the other hand, understand the content through visualizing it should be offered intense organizers, color codes, videos or charts in order to understand th e content fully. Students who kinesthetic in ally understand things should be encouraged to role-play the content (Mulligan, 2005). This is through assuming that the student is, in fact, the content being discussed. Finally, a student who understands the content through naturalizing it should label the content. They should also categorize the content and identify it (Mulligan, 2005). ... Others speak English as a second language while some may be talented and gifted. Still others might manage with mental, physical, emotional or behavioral challenges. It is, therefore, vital to plan a classroom that can incorporate all these types of students (Rose & Meyer, 2006). In order for educators to create a classroom that incorporates all types of students, it is essential for them to use interactive whiteboards in their classrooms. Interactive whiteboards are specially designed to engage a broad variety of learners in the skill process. Interactive whiteboards support all of the three prin ciples and philosophies of universal learning (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Interactive whiteboards offer teachers or educators numerous ways of presenting information, to their students, using interactive images, text, video files and sound and, hence, engage a wide range of learners. Students or learners can use the same elements of the product to reveal their understanding of the content. Touch-sensitive boards particularly offer numerous options for interacting with displayed content, including finger, spell tool and other object (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Furthermore, interactive whiteboards captivate students of the digital age. This is because interactive whiteboards increase a students time and access to digital resources. This technique ensures that students, no matter the duration of the lesson, understand everything that is taught. This is because it offers all the techniques that diverse students use in understanding (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Furthermore, interactive whiteboards will as sist students understand matters even die as it used all the techniques of teaching. Question 3 Educators recognize