Unit Two Study Guide Fall

Demonstrate an appreciation for the aesthetic principles that guide or govern the whitetail arts through using oral, written, or visual means to communicate an informed personal reaction to works of theatre. (Communication Skills) 4. Show social responsibility through intercultural study and discovery of regional, national and/or global artistic traditions In theatre. (Social Responsibility) The Actor 1. What does Thespian mean? Thespian means Actor. 2. Describe the acting profession as stated in your book? Most bewildering profession. Can be extraordinarily rewarding but also most tough and demanding.Takes incredible sacrifices from every area of life: Financial, virtual, mental, and physical. 3. Define representation training/acting. Acting emanates from somewhere INSIDE the actor. Studies the role closely, uses imagination, lives the life of the character. 4. Define presentational training/acting. Actor presents something to the audience. 5. What Is The Method? 7 Elements: Cadenza , Public solitude, Subtext of meaning, Artistic communion, Emotional memory, Physical actions, Hard work 6. What school was founded by Elli Kane and who was this school's most influential teacher?Actor†s Studio: Lee Strangers 7. What two features are required to make a good actor? Acting from the Inside and Acting from the Outside. Actor's instrument, Actor's method of approaching a role 8. What are the three parts to the actor's instrument/self? Body, Voice, Imagination 9. Inhalation, practically understood as an element of voice, is sometimes seen to be mystically equivalent to what? Inspiration 10. What are the elements of voice? Breathing, Phonated, Resonance 11. What are the elements of speech? Articulation, Pronunciation, Phrasing 12.What is projection? 13. What is resonance? The sympathetic vibration, â€Å"Resounding† of the voice, as it is heard in the throat, the chest, and the head 14. What is the major psychological component of the actor's instrument? Imagi nation 15. What is cadenza? The Character's Problem 16. What are the three stages of the actor's routine? Audition, Rehearsal, and Performance 17. What is an audition? Primary process in which acting roles are awarded. Actor has opportunity to demonstrate to the director how well he or she can fulfill a role. 18. What is blocking?Stage movements 19. What is stage business? Stage actions – scripted or seemingly unconscious physical behaviors 20. What is subtext? The unspoken and underscored character goals hidden beneath the lines. The Playwright 1. What is the most important trait of the playwright? Independence. 2. Why is every person a playwright? Because we dream. 3. What is the core of every play? Action 4. What are the playwright's two tools? Dialogue and Physical Action. 5. Explain the concept of continuous and linear in a play. Means Continuous in Structure and Linear in chronology.Point to point, cause and effect storytelling. Remains basic architecture to most popula r and serious plays. 6. Explain the statement â€Å"Intrigue draws us into the world of the play; credibility keeps us there. † Intrigue demanding surprise, credibility demanding consistency. They generate a kind of believable wonder; Credibility alone will not suffice to make a play interesting, and intrigue alone cannot make a incredible play palatable. 7. What is â€Å"richness† in playwright? Leaves a sense of satisfaction; Richness of detail and richness or dimension 8. Explain â€Å"depth of character. Requires that every character possess an independence of intention, expression, and motivation. 9. What is gravity in a play? The central theme is one of serious and lasting significance in humanists spiritual, oral, or intellectual life. 10. Who is David Mate? Successful Playwright 1 . Name and understand the four major staging formats. Proscenium, Arena, Thrust, Black Box 2. What is another name for the picture frame stage? Proscenium 3. What is a scenery center ed staging format? 4. What are the actor centered rather than scenery centered type staging formats? Thrust, Arena, and Black Box 5.What type of stage dispenses with all scenery except floor treatment, furniture, and out of the way staging or hanging pieces to focus attention on the actors? Arena 6. Describe a black box stage area. Simple space able to adapt to a variety of staging styles. â€Å"Experimental Atmosphere† 7. What is realistic scenery? Attempts to depict, often in great detail, a specific time and place in the real world where the plays events are presumed to take place. 8. What is metaphorical scenery? Favors visual images that seek to evoke the production's intended theme, mood, or social/political implications 9.What is a flat? Portable framed wall sections, usually represent walls and occasionally the ceilings of a real room 10. What is a cyclorama? Hanging fabric stretched between upper/lower pipes and curved to cover back and sides of the stage. Colored wi th lights 11. What is a scrim? Can make things appear and disappear; Loosely woven gauzy fabric, lit from the front, solid, lit from the back, see through 12. What is stage machinery? Give examples. Anything that moves; Fly systems, wagons, elevators, wagons 13. When was electricity introduced into American theatres for lighting? 1879 14.What are the primary considerations of lighting design? Visibility and Focus 15. What were the first theatrical costumes? Ceremonial vestments 6. What was the ancient and original use of costume? Separate Actor from Audience 17. What are the four primary functions of modern costume design? Ceremonial Magic, Social and Cultural values of the world being portrayed, individuality of each character, wearable clothing for the actor 18. What function does makeup serve? Evoke or highlight psychological traits, illustrate character, simplify and embolden actor's features 19. In regards to makeup, what is the face considered?Canvas The Director 1. What are t he tasks of the director? What are the three eras of the director? Teacher, Realism, Anti-Realism 3. What are Andre Antoine and Constantine Statisticians primarily known as and what was their primary focus in the theatre? Naturalists. Sought to make the theatre a powerful social and artistic instrument for the expression of truth 4. Who is generally regarded as the first modern director? Saxes Engineer 5. What are styling directors? Unrestrained by rigid formulas w/ respect to verisimilitude or realistic behavior 6. Who founded the Theatre d'art in Paris in 1890?Paul Fort 7. Who evolved his theatre of biomedical constructivism in Moscow? Absolved Empowered 8. What is the director's primary responsibility? To envision the main lines of the production and to provide the artistic leadership to realize that vision 9. What are the roles of the producer? Finance the production, create and manage the budget, choosing and acquiring the theatre facility, establishing the plays rehearsal and performance dates, handle legal and business aspects, and oversee publicity, casting, ticketing, etc. 10. What is the criterion for play selection?

Computer architecture Essay

Describe how analogue data can be converted and stored in computer systems Analogue data needs to be sampled in order to be processed by a computer. As computers deal in One’s and Zero’s it can only record specific intervals. For example, when recording a sound that gradually gets louder over a minute, a digital recording could record the level of sound every second, but would lose the information between seconds. If the sound was sampled every half second, there would be half as much information lost from the original source, but file size would be doubled. This is the trade off that has to be made between file size and quality. Bit depth is the number of bits of information recorded per second . The higher the bit depth means, the higher the sample rate and this results in higher quality sound file. A good example of bit depth is in CD quality audio which has a bit depth of 16 bits and a sample rate of 44. 1 kHz. Task 3 (P5) Describe the key components of a computer architecture and how they interact 1. Data Buffer – this is a region of memory used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. 2. Accumulator A – An 8 bit CPU has 1 register called the accumulator, this holds temporary data e. g. the carry-out when you do addition. 3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – this is the workhorse of the CPU because it carries out all the calculations. 4. Data Buses – the mechanism that moves information around a computer. 5. Address Buffer – this holds the address part of the instruction register, 6. Program Counter – this contains the location of the next instruction to be executed and, therefore, keeps track of where the computer is up to in a program. 7. Instruction Register (IR) – this divides the information it receives into two fields. One field in the IR contains the operation code that tells the CPU what operation is to be carried out. The other field, called the operand field, contains the address of the data to be used by the instruction. 8. Condition Code Register (CCR) – this takes a snapshot of the state of the ALU after each instruction has been executed and records the state of the carry, negative, zero, and overflow flag-bits. In the above diagram the flag-bits are H, I, N, Z, V & C. Task 4 (P6) Describe the features of a processor Multi-tasking. Multi-tasking is a method where multiple processes are dealt with at once sharing common processing recourses such as a CPU. It involves the CPU assigning which instructions to be carried out first but it only focuses on one instruction at a time. Pipelining Pipelining is a method in which the Processor begins to execute a second instruction before the first has finished. Every pipeline is divided into segments and each segment can be ran along side each other. When each segment completes its task it moves on to the next. Cache (Level 1 and Level 2) Cache is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM (SRAM). As a result Cache memory is much more efficient than the main memory (RAM) which is dynamic RAM (DRAM) that runs slower but also cheaper. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. DRAM is dynamic in that, unlike SRAM, it needs to have its storage cells refreshed or given a new electronic charge every few milliseconds. SRAM does not need refreshing because it operates on the principle of moving current that is switched in one of two directions rather than a storage cell that holds a charge in place. If the computer processor can find the data it needs for its next operation in cache memory, it will save time compared to having to get it from random access memory. Level 1 cache is normally built on to the processor chip. It is extensively used for all sorts of purposes such as data fetching, data shifting and data loops, storing only small amounts of data. Level 2 cache is normally located on the motherboard. L2 cache stores much more data, coming usually from the L1 cache. L2 cache can be up to sixteen times the size of L1 cache; this also means that it takes up much more room so it has to be located on the motherboard. Clock Rate The clock rate is the speed at which a processor clock oscillates constantly from a one to a zero, this is measured in hertz. The clock rates speed is determined by an oscillator crystal and amplifier circuit inside a clock generator circuit. The limiting factor of the clock rate is the time it takes for the signal line to settle down from its on state to off state. The Clock rate is also as fast as L2 cache. Task 5 (P7) Describe the operation of logic gates using truth tables NOT   AND (2 inputs) OR (2 inputs) Consider how these three main gates can be combined. NOR (2 inputs) NOT Logic Gate also known as (Inverter) The output is â€Å"true† when only one input is â€Å"false. † Otherwise, the output is â€Å"false†. A Not gate is a logic gate which reverses the state of the input. AND Logic Gate The output is â€Å"true† when both inputs are â€Å"true. † Otherwise, the output is â€Å"false. † OR Logic Gate The output is â€Å"true† if either one or both of the inputs are â€Å"true. † If both inputs are â€Å"false,† then the output is â€Å"false. † These three main logic gates can be used to make other possible combinations of logic gates such as a NOR gate. NOR Logic Gate. The NOR gate is a combination of an OR gate followed by an inverter. The output is â€Å"true† if both inputs are â€Å"false. † Otherwise, the output is â€Å"false. † Task 6 (M1) Explain using examples how data travels around the processor Task 7 (M2) Create logic circuits using simple logic gates and provide truth tables This is a circuit that shows binary addition. Here are a few examples of the circuit being carried out. The Red circle/circles show input and Green circle/circles show output data This can be shown in the truth tables below. Task 8 (M4) Provide a description of both astable and bistable flip- flops. A flip-flop is an electrical circuit that can be in one of two states. Astable flip flop Astable flip flop is an oscillator which regularly switches states all the time. It has one 1 input and 1 Output. It can be used as a clock. Bistable flip flop Bistable flip flop is a memory device/gate which keeps one state indefinitely while it has power it also has 2 inputs and 2 outputs. The difference between An Astable and Bistable flip flops. A bistable flip-flop is a multivibrator with two stable states and can be put into either of its two states and it will stay like that. An example of this could be: A simple light switch; turn it on, it stays on, turn it off, it stays off. Task 9 (D1) Create complex logic circuits made up of arrays of simple logic circuits. To produce an addition of two numbers each of four bit’s in length we must first. You can add two numbers together each four bit in length by extending the first full adder’s carry out to another full adder and so on. Until you get 4 full adder’s each following on from the last carry out. The way a full adder works: The circuit adds two bits Input A and Input B, taking into account the previous carry in, to give the Sum, and the carry out. Now we know how a full adder works we can now relate this to the idea of 4 full adders joined together by the last carry out and the diagram below illustrates this. Diagram 1 These diagrams (below) will show you how you can add two four bit binary numbers together using a logic circuit. Example 1 Binary 1111+ 1111 ______ 11110 These binary numbers with value of 1 stand for both switches (The inputs i. e. the two four bit numbers added together) and the sum which in this case are shown by the flashing of LED lights (The sum is the output). 0 means no switch or light is active. The first line of inputs for this study will always be A4,A3,A2,A1 The second line of inputs for this study will always be B4,B3,B2,B1 these two numbers will be added together Then it is a long underscore followed by Carrys C3,C2,C1 directly underneath And then finally the output sum shown as O Task 10 (D2) Compare and contrast two different processors I will compare the AMD Opteron quad core and the Intel core 2 quad processor q9650. AMD Opteron quad core 64-bit Computing Yes L2 cache 512kb x4 L3 cache 2mb Clock Speed 2. 1Ghz Special Features Rapid Virtualization Indexing AMD Smart Fetch Technology Front Side Bus (FSB) Speed 2000Mhz Watts 45 Price i 165 new Intel core 2 quad processor q9650 64-bit Computing Yes L2 cache 12mb Clock Speed 3Ghz Special Features Intel Virtualization Technology Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology Front Side Bus (FSB) Speed 1533Mhz. Watts 65 Price i 223 new Key components: Front Side Bus – The Front Side Bus allows the components to send and receive data from the CPU to the North Bridge and vise versa. The faster a computer’s bus speed, the faster it will operate, but a fast bus speed can’t make up for a slow Clock Speed. Clock Speed – The Clock Speed is the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions these clock cycles per second are measured in hertz. Special Features: Virtualization -Virtualization also known as a virtual machine makes it possible to run multiple operating systems on one computer. SpeedStep Technology – SpeedStep Technology is built into some new Intel processors this can be used to change the clock speed by using a piece of software. Speed Step Technology allows the processor to keep up with performed operations. It greatly reduces power consumption and heat loss. Smart Fetch Technology – Smart Fetch Technology allows the processor core to enter a â€Å"halt† state and draw less power, which reduces CPU power consumption. Recommendation: Both processors have Quad-Core technology and 64 bit computing, however the difference is in the Clock speed, Cache memory and the extra features. Both processors have similar special features such as the AMD Rapid Virtualization Indexing and the Intel Virtualization Technology. Although the Intel core 2 quad processor q9650 has no L3 cache I think that the higher clock speed and L2 cache more than makes up for not having any L3 cache. Not to mention the Intel core 2 quad processor q9650 has Speed Step Technology which makes for a much greater performance. The Intel core 2 quad processor q9650 is more expensive but it is a price worth paying for such a greater performance.

Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflective Paper - Essay Example Based on this assumption, health is considered as a managed system and the role of nursing is to support the adaptation of their patients to that environment. The adoptive modes under this theoretical model comprise of physiologic, self concept, role function and interdependence. (Benner). This approach is considered as holistic in nature as it attempts to be unifying and purposeful and as such since health is considered as a positive response towards environment. Therefore, the role of the nurse is to promote such an adaptation. As described above that I live in a very small town and most of the patients are poor with lesser access to better health opportunities. Therefore, as a nurse, I always remain focused on facilitating them to cope with their environment. As a part of this process, my experiences are really related to facilitating my patients to understand and learn as to how to deal with four different adoptive modes. As a part of this reflection. However, I feel that real life experiences do not fully match or augment this theory because there are some other factors which restrict the ability of my patients to successfully interact with the environment. Poverty and social isolation have made people ignorant of essential elements required for maintaining a healthy interaction with their environment. As a part of my duty, I also consider that though my patients need nursing care, and they are the focus of my nursing care. However, I fail to clearly establish as to really when that nursing care is indicated. At the individual level and being a part of a society which lacks adequate economic resources, my ability to manipulate different stimuli in order to promote adoptive responses is limited. I still remember one of my patients who could not cope with her mental disorder situation only because of the lack of resources either social or

Portfolio of Public Relations Campaigns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Portfolio of Public Relations Campaigns - Essay Example Stopober is just the beginning. It gave participants a deadline to quit smoking, targeting 28 days or a month for less chances of relapse.   Galloway (2012) reports that permanent cessation of smoking is ensured the longer the smoker persists in quitting.   Within four weeks, the risk of relapse is very high, but when the smoker hurdles it, it becomes much easier, with the risk of the relapse becoming low after twelve weeks.   The current campaign takes off from the enormous success of Stoptober and aims to maintain the positive outcomes it derived and go beyond it by spreading awareness to more people about the dangers of the smoking and to urge more smokers to stop.   That way, better health is achieved for everyone.3.0   The PR Campaign  Spreading awareness would entail the help of family and friends of the smokers as well as powerful multimedia messages. Testimonials of both successful quitters as well as those who contracted devastating illnesses due to smoking will address the targeted population of smokers so they themselves can decide for themselves what to do.   It is much easier to commit to something one decides on for himself instead of merely being pressured to do so.   3.1 NudgeThe Stoptober campaign used a strategy known as ‘nudge’ (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008).   Simply put, it is a strategy to get people to change their behaviour towards a different one that would be more beneficial.... These participants had access to a variety of support which includes multi-media reminders and motivators, expert advise, support materials, a mobile phone application and daily text messages to monitor their progress. 2.0 Vision of Stoptober Stopober is just the beginning. It gave participants a deadline to quit smoking, targeting 28 days or a month for less chances of relapse. Galloway (2012) reports that permanent cessation of smoking is ensured the longer the smoker persists in quitting. Within four weeks, the risk of relapse is very high, but when the smoker hurdles it, it becomes much easier, with the risk of relapse becoming low after twelve weeks. The current campaign takes off from the enormous success of Stoptober and aims to maintain the positive outcomes it derived and go beyond it by spreading awareness to more people about the dangers of smoking and to urge more smokers to stop. That way, better health is achieved for everyone. 3.0 The PR Campaign Spreading awareness wo uld entail the help of family and friends of the smokers as well as powerful multimedia messages. Testimonials of both successful quitters as well as those who contracted devastating illnesses due to smoking will address the targeted population of smokers so they themselves can decide for themselves what to do. It is much easier to commit to something one decides on for himself instead of merely being pressured to do so. 3.1 Nudge The Stoptober campaign used a strategy known as ‘nudge’ (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). Simply put, it is a strategy to get people to change their behaviour towards a different one that would be more beneficial. John, Smith & Stoker (2009) explain that people are offered a ‘choice

Community Project Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Project Paper - Essay Example My community health class and I decided to volunteer to go in person to the House of Ruth. This is because the House of Ruth is not far off from where we are, and they appreciate any contributions given to them including material donations. It is was also convenient for each one of us from class, and therefore we decided to go together to give at least a sizeable donation together as a class. The House of Ruth, as mentioned above, helps those infected or affected by HIV/AIDs to move on with life, especially because of the added burden of medical care for the sick. These families and individuals will often be subjected to financial and material strains. The House of Ruth comes in to help ease these burdens through volunteers and donors. I personally dropped off donations at the House of Ruth, which included toilet paper, two tissue boxes and two shampoos. The reason I chose House of Ruth is because it is dedicated to making a difference in the lives of people affected or infected with HIV/AIDS. Their  noble cause is worth, and they are a non-profit organization, depending mainly on volunteers and donors. As such, it only felt right to go and take part in making a difference in the lives of these people, and that is mainly why we chose it. Again, the House of Ruth is not far from our residence, making it convenient to drop off our donations in person. The house evidently could do with donations since it is a non-profit organization. The donations we made would be used to provide essential commodities for the beneficiaries of the house. This will give them an easier time in their day-to-day living and improve their life quality. Financial donations can be used for educational purposes and for providing basic necessities too to the people of the House. There was not much that we donated, but the little we did surely put a smile on the faces of these

Human resource management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resource management - Coursework Example This would include human resource planning, recruitment, selection and training in organizations. The recruitment and selection process would depend on the kind of establishment that is set up. This must be accompanied with the right kind of training and development programs to equip candidates with the requisite skills and expertise. However, training programs must b customized to meet the individual training needs of employees. Training might be internally conducted by the organizations catering to their own needs and skill requirements. However, there are a large number of training institutes in the region offering wide variety of training for organizations. Off the job training is most widely used by the private sector firms in UAE. In UAE, organizations are encouraged to practice group activities and team work. Thus training might be imparted on group problem solving activities. Organizations can also undertake high level skill training for their workforce. The key role of HRM is ensuring employee performance and productivity. This includes identifying the key components of candidates’ performance. It is important that the performances of employees are monitored by their immediate supervisors, peers, colleagues, subordinates and themselves. This is useful in making a complete review of their performance in the organization. A crucial component of performance management system is performance appraisal system. The appraisal system is considered to be most crucial for encouraging individual performance and raising their level of satisfaction too. The competitive structure of the UAE labour market and the cut throat competition existing between organizations calls for strict performance appraisal system. Under the system employees would be compensated or rewarded according to the evaluation of their performance. Employee performance must be aligned and rated against organizational goals and

Systems Analysis, Design and Development (Object Oriented using UML) Term Paper

Systems Analysis, Design and Development (Object Oriented using UML) - Term Paper Example Resources The resources that need to be made available to the analyst are a separate secluded environment with an up-to-date computing system that is connected to the rest of the computing devices of the organization. The computing system needs to be equipped with the latest and most comprehensive analytical software that would enable the provision of precise and timely analytical assessment as and when required. The time given to the analyst for conducting his assessment should be ample so that the process gets done in its due time thus guaranteeing its error freeness. 1 SUMMARY The current report is intended to be a feasibility report for the development of the online auction system for vehicle selling and purchase. The vehicles purchase/selling system will work on the basis of online auctions. Bidders of the vehicles will gradually increase the bid cost for a specific time period. The system will monitor the auction end time. At the end of auction period highest bidder will be the winner of the bid. Subsequent notifications to the respective seller and highest bidder will be generated by the system automatically. Since it would be online and less cumbersome than a real world vehicle auction scenario, the online auction management system will attract both purchasers and sellers to use it. The system would, in turn, get benefited from both the participants. The proposed system will not only provide an operational platform for such convenient buying, but would also maintain the bidder and seller profiles in order to produce future follow ups. The system will comprise of the following core modules a brief summary of which is provided as follows: Customer (Seller/Bidder) Profiling: This module maintains and manages the details of each purchaser (bidder) and... The paper tells that an online auction mechanism is intended which attracts sellers and buyers of vehicles. The system will be a reliable e-commerce system and will provide opportunity for online sales through auctions. Both the seller and the buyers will be the customers of the system. The system will maintain the personal information of both participants. After registering a vehicle by a seller the bidder will be able to bid on it until the bidding time expires. All bidders will have equal opportunity to increase the bid with equal rate, that is, 100 $ for car and 50 $ for motorcycle. After ending the bidding process, the bids will be evaluated and decision will be made accordingly. The bidder with highest bid among all the other bidders will win the vehicle auction; however, the biding price must be greater than the base price as provided by the seller. The successful bidder will be notified by the system automatically then he has to perform personal visit to the vehicle and payme nt will be made. In case of the failure of the auction i.e. the highest bid could not cross the minimum price of the vehicle or in case of no bid, the system will automatically notify the seller about the situation and the vehicle information will be removed in both cases. Such system will allow purchasers to have a fair market survey and will provide ample vehicle selection opportunities. Due to the effectiveness of system both the purchaser and seller would not be able to acquire undue benefits in any case. With the optimized vehicle price (as desired by the seller) the bidder will not have to pay exorbitantly.

The Devil Wears Prada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Devil Wears Prada - Essay Example Andrea is the "second assistant", the "first assistant" underscores to her, and that virtually makes her the "slave of a slave". Everyone in the organization and in that milieu tells her that, and yet in the same breath intimates that it is a job that every girl would die for. As the start, Andrea sees the job as merely her entry point into the more real world of journalism, and she hopes the training she would receive under her Dragon Lady of a boss would give her the qualifications and credentials for more serious work. Gradually though, she is fascinated by the glitter and glamour of the world that she has entered and finds herself struggling not only to survive but to conquer, using the very tools of the trade, so to speak, necessary to get ahead. She is, in fact, obviously also fascinated by the persona and aura projected by her boss, Melinda, a sleek, soft-spoken lady who inspires and commands respect and fear because she wields such power and influence within the industry. It likewise soon becomes obvious that while before, Andrea's goal is merely to please Melinda and thus secure her job, she eventually begins to fit into the mold of her boss. And therein lies her struggle - apparent in the change that her boyfriend Nath and two other close friend s observe. She tries to keep the friends and values she has known and cherished but now seems to find them in conflict with the new world she moves in and which, if she were honest with herself as Nath had asked her to be, she actually reveled in. Her crucial moment of truth and decision comes when she realizes that beneath the brittle veneer of might and power that Melinda Priestly presents to the world is a very human person - caring about family, protective of her children, hurt by the loss of a husband through divorce. Does Melinda Priestly really enjoy the kind of leader she has become, or has she been forced to fit into this mold - forced to be tough, work-oriented, utilitarian, uncaring - because that is what is expected of her as editor of the most powerful and influential fashion magazine, because that is the only way she can get the job done. Andrea gets a glimpse of this when Melinda explains why she had to sacrifice one of her oldest and closest friends and a most loyal associate - to ensure that she is not replaced as editor. Quite simply she explains that no one can take her place because the magazine cannot hold on to its coveted spot as fashion leader without her at the helm. On the surface, the movie seems to provide a literal example of the absence of servant-leadership as defined in the philosophy and concepts advanced by Robert Greenleaf and by the idea espoused by various religious traditions. By its title alone, "The Devil Wears Prada", it is obvious that the movie means to depict the lead character in the image of the antithesis of the archetype of servant leadership, the Christian's Jesus Christ. The Christ spirit in the Christian Scriptures manifests the values of leadership and a relationship that involves patience, kindness, humility, respectfulness, selflessness,

Organization psychology and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization psychology and Behavior - Essay Example Organizational learning has become highly important in understanding the world of modern business. Due to rapid advancement in technology, new managerial styles, quick transfer of information and dynamically changing environment; it has become highly imperative for the companies to adapt the changes. In such a scenario, only the most flexible companies will be able to sustain themselves till the last. For organizations, it is equally important to learn from their past in order to excel successfully in the future. According to Peter Senge (1990), an organization should be a place where people should be given a chance to excel in order to acquire the desired results, where they should be encouraged to think out-of-the-box, where people should be given an opportunity to learn from their environment and where they should be transformed into role models for others to derive an inspiration. To fulfill his statement; Peter Senge has developed five basic disciplines of a learning organization. These five disciplines enable people to become more productive and more participative in their organization and also, it enables them to understand the reality of their present and shape their future in a more organized manner. It is considered as the conceptual foundation stone of Senge’s approach. This discipline provides a connection between the different parts that constitutes the entire structure of an organization. It enables the managers and the key staff to understand the different components of a system that builds up the entire infrastructure of an organization. Managers should focus on understanding that how these key components interacts with each other in order to attain long term success and goals. They should give importance on how these key components can impact on the system on long term basis. This discipline refers to an individual’s ability to expand and

Bio answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bio answeres - Essay Example In the same way, the latitude and longitude of northern Minnesota; the source of Mississippi River is 43 ° 34N to 49 ° 23N and 89 ° 34W to 97 ° 12W.  The elevation of northern Minnesota is between 900 and 1100 feet while that of the Gulf of Mexico south of New Orleans is at sea level (0). The change in gradient is zero. Some of the significant tributaries of Mississippi River include Ohio River, Red River, Arkansas River, and Snake River., St. Croix River, Minnesota River, White River, Kaskaskia River, and Missouri River, as well as Des Moines River (Scott, 2010).   The Holocene commenced at the end of the Pleistocene (11,700 calendar years BP), and continues to date. The Holocene consists of the growth and impacts of the human species globally, for instance, all its written history and development of major civilizations, as well as the overall transition towards urban living currently (Walker et al., 2009). The effect of humans of the modern era on Erath together with its ecosystems can be regarded of universal significance for future living species’ evolution. The major events of the Holocene were: the recessation of the Quaternary Ice Age that led to the commencement of the current interglacial, which is the rise of human civilization; formation of the Sahara from the savannah; commencement of agriculture; the Stone Age cultures gave way to the Bronze Age (3300BC) as well as the Iron Age (1200BC). This gave rise to numerous prehistoric across the globe; even though climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene, from 1400 to 1850, t he Little Ice Age caused a momentary cooling in the Northern Hemisphere; due to industrial revolution, the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increased from about 270 parts per million volume to the current volume of 410 parts per million volume (Roberts, 1998).   The recorded weather data for Houston, Texas for January 24, 2015 predicted

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Addiction is a commonly used word that is mostly associated with a substance(drug or alcohol) and sometimes thought of as an illness. We often hear the word addiction thrown around in conversations. I’ve often used the word addiction when referring to my love of chocolate, but in this case it’s just an expression of speech. For a long time now, though, a lot of controversy has been going on about adding other activities, other than substance use to the word addiction. In this case excessive use of the Internet, Internet Addiction(IA). Many people are wanting to take addiction to a whole new level, by adding Internet Addiction to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; in other words the â€Å"psychiatric bible†) but is our need, love, desire, and excessive use of the internet just a compulsion or an addiction? Addiction is when a person is dependent on a behavior or specific substance in order to cope with life. The dependence is so important to the individual that even when it becomes harmful to themselves, their family, work, and other important areas of their life they will persist in using the substance, or engaging in the behavior. Also, â€Å"There are actual changes that occur in the brains of addicts and treatments for addiction must address the biology behind the behavior.† So far addictions have focused on highs that are caused from the use of drugs or other substances that affect the brain’s chemical responses. However it has recently been discovered that a person can receive a similar â€Å"high† from using the Internet. The research for this disorder is scarce and fairly new, but the results leave something to argue about for the supporting side. Overly excessive use of the Internet affects everyone involved with the â€Å"user.† There have been con fessions from individuals who claim to suffer from IAD (Internet Addiction Disorder). A case was, reported in the New York Times, A woman who had been divorced by her husband because of her excessive use of the Internet. Still the woman did not come to her senses and continued to use the internet so much that she forgot to buy food for her children, to take them to doctor appointments, and to buy enough oil to warm her home.(Maria Garcia Duran) Sounds like an addiction, but this still doesn’t fit the whole criteria. Remember you have to experience a chemical effect in the brain when your considering an obsessive need for something to be a diagnose as an addiction. There may be some alternative chemical change in her brain, such as the internet use is causing her to be happy, which means endorphins are being released to the brain. But this article isnt clear on whether the internet use really makes her happy, or helps her hide from reality which may still leave her with the same mood set, but just in hiding. Most people who think they are addicted may just be suffering from the desire to not want to deal with other problems going on in their lives. Those problems may in fact be a mental disorder like anxiety or depression. It may be a a relationship problem, serious disability or health problem. The internet use is no different than TV use, so you won’t have to â€Å"go out with the boys† for drinks or talking to your spouse. Others who spend to much time online with out any other problems present may just be suffering from compulsive over-use.

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay This chapter elaborates and discusses elements which contribute on the literature review. This chapter started with review of the job performance, follows by the literature review on leadership and then literature review on Islamic Leadership. This literature was about the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance. The literature was then compressed into the conceptual framework that represents the organizing concept of the study conducted by the researchers. 2.1 JOB PERFORMANCE According to the Murphy 1989, Job performance is defines as behaviors that have a relationship to the goals of the organization. Besides that, other definition of job performance as action and behaviors that control under each individual that contributes to the organizational s goals and measured by the individual level of proficiency (Campbell, 1990). Kane (1986) defined job performance as a record of outcomes achieved in carrying out the job function during the specified period. Alternatively, Rotundo (2000) argues that this definition includes a variety of job behaviors and that some behaviors contribute to the employees duties and responsibilities, while other behaviors still affect the goals of the organization but do not fall under duties and responsibilities. To understand the job performance is determine whether an individual job performance changes over time or still stable from year to year. Job performance can be improved by with leadership, training, work experience, and also by mentoring or coaching. Job performance have to be differentiated between other measures of performance that are sometimes used interchangeably or maybe incorrectly so. The often way to measure job performance is a leader rate his or her employees job performance (Rotundo Maria, 2002). Some research has shown that leadership integrates a great deal of information in these ratings. Performance measurement systems usually focus on the supervisor or manager as the rater of the job performance. As the leader, the challenge is determine on how it affect individual behavior and the work situations can be structured to achieve maximum employee job performance. Effective leadership generates improved motivation and effort. 2.2 LEADERSHIP Northouse (2011), said that being a leader is challenging, exciting plus rewarding, and carries a lot of responsibilities. A leader also should be fully aware of the followers and their interests, ideas, positions, attitudes, and motivations. Leadership is showing the way and helping or inducing others to pursue it. This includes envisioning a desirable future, promoting a clear purpose or mission, supportive values and intelligent strategies, and empowering and engaging those entire concerned (Gill, 2011). Allio (2009), in his article has listed the big five ideas; (1) good leaders have good character, (2) theres no best way to lead, (3) leaders must collaborate, (4) adaptability makes longevity possible and (5) leaders are self-made. However, a lot of the research in business and management has considered organizations as a religion neutral sphere, and as a result religion was not deemed worthy of study (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). As researchers keep on discussing about leadership, they only focused on Western business environment (Bass, 1999; Yukl, 2002; Fiedler, 1967; Stogdill, 1974). 2.3 ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP The Quran and hadith (the everyday actions and sayings of the Prophet) has explained about leadership qualities some fourteen centuries ago have only been discussed and emerged in the modern times. To thee a Book explaining All things, a Guide, a Mercy, And Glad Tidings to Muslims. (Al-Nahl, 16:89). And We appointed, from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our Signs. (As-Sajdah 32:24). Abbas Ali (2005) mentioned in his book, Islamic Perspectives On Management and Organization, Islamic Leadership is a set of shared influence process. The Quran clearly calls for a leader to be flexible and approachable to followers and they comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and Ibn Taimiya (1263-1328) opinion about leadership has been accepted. Ibn Khaldun (p,112) stated that several qualities are important for a leader like, tolerance towards weak, forgiveness of error, patience and hospitality toward guests. Lacking of these skills may decrease the quality of good leader. Next, Beekun and Badawi (1998), stated that, one of the definitions of Islamic Leadership is, the effort that takes by the leader to seeks the voluntary participations of followers in order to achieve the organizational objectives. Moreover, the leaders must be the role models in the organization and guide them in way of happiness in life (Abbasi, Rehman and Afsar, 2009). According to Moten (2011) he stated that the Western secular societies do not have a clear picture of leadership phenomenon from an Islamic Perspective. He added that there are several factors to describe reasons for the need of Islamic Leadership (Moten, 2011). Firstly, there is no distinction between the spiritual and temporal affairs in Islam whereby both lies down and moving together encircling all spheres of human life, (Moten, 2011). To strengthen this statement, Islam teachings according to Iqbal and Mohamad (1962), is not a departmental affair, it is neither mere thought, nor mere feeling, nor mere action; it is an expression of the whole man. Secondly, Moten (2011) points out, the need for implementation of the Islamic Leadership is because based on central concept of Islam i.e., tawhid (unity and sovereignty of Allah), refuse the power of control and command to anyone but Allah, the creator and Nourishes of the universe. To support his statement, Moten referred the Quran (3 :189, 6:57), the command rests with none but Allah to disclaim anyone who claims absolute right and power over anything. Next, Islam perceives that every individual and society activity is for the sake of Allah, Moten (2011). Relation between one creaturess with other creatures is built upon his distinctive relation to Allah. Thus, it is not a dyadic relationship between two believers but it is a triadic relationship in that each is relating to other through Allah as the intermediary, Moten (2011). After submitting the need for Islamic Leadership, Moten (2011) give his point of view on leadership in Islam. According to him, leadership in Islam is a process of communication and a moral activity between the equals directed towards reaching the organization goal, (Moten, 2011). He added, as the leader and the followers both understand the goal and actively joint together for the accomplishment of the goal, the accomplishment of that goal assumes the form of worship or ibadah, hence, the leadership in Islam can be seen as ibadah, (Moten, 2011). The Quran, Sunnah, and the jurisprudence give a comprehensive code of laws: social, moral, political, administrative, economic, civil, religious, and ethical to guide the Muslim leaders to run Islamic organizations appropriately and effectively (Aabed, 2006). Ali (2009) mentioned that, leader is obliged and illustrates a willingness to listen, openness, and concern in dealing with subordinates or follower. Islamic Leadership is defined as a group of leadership principles extracted from the Quran and the biography of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, structured of good and ethical leadership essential to guide organizations appropriately and effectively. Moreover, it made up noblest Islamic traditions of science, worship, justice, and Ihsan(doing good) and to hammer these values in Muslim, (Khaliq, 2009; Khan, 2007). Besides that, Islam urged the leaders to pay attention to followers needs. It is because, it is trusteeship of Allah, a given responsibility given from him and a service to the mankind, (Toor, 2007). If Allah puts anyone in the position of authority over the Muslims affairs and he secludes himself (from them), not fulfilling their needs, wants, and poverty, Allah will keep Himself away from him, not fulfilling his need, want, and poverty (Sahih Muslim). Leadership is a responsibility which is shared by all adults in a Muslim society as Islam point of view (Mohsen, 2007). As pointed out clearly by Prophet Muhammad in one of the hadiths, Every one of you is a shepherd and everyone is responsible for what he is shepherd of (Bukhari and Muslim). There are some sign for a Muslim that considered good in implementing Islamic values (Abdul Hakim, 2011). Islamic ideas in performance emphasize a high standard of trust, honesty and reliability toward overall behavior. The employees daily activities should be conducted in the strictest obedience to Allah SWT commandments (Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Seidu). As mentioned by A. Hakim (2012), it is very important to understand the Islamic spiritual motivations, including faith, devoting and Islamic application rules. And they have to understand them completely (kaffah) spiritual motivation will give the urge to do the job as well as possible. Therefore, leadership development is one of the important subjects in Islamic teachings (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). From an Islamic perspective, followings are some of the key attributes for effective leadership; Justice (al Adl), Trust (al Amanah) and Honesty (al Sidq). The organization performance and goals will be achieved in terms of employee performance and there comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Following are three principles of Islamic Leadership. 2.3.1 THREE ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES Justice (al Adl) The management leaders must behave with team members equitable and fairly without any discrimination about their race, color or religion. Islam always called human being for doing justice to all. Besides that, the Quran also gives the direction to Muslims to be fair and just in any situation even if the decisions goes against their parents or themselves (Ather Syed Mohammad, Sobhani Farid Ahammad, 2007). Allah SWT says: O you, who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, aswitness to Allah, even as against yourselves or your parents or your kin and whether it be against rich or poor, for Allah protects both.(Surah An-Nisa, Verse-135). According to Imam Hasan (2011), the concept of justice flows directly from the law giver Himself, Allah (SWT) so that the council of jurists having the legislative function interpreted by the law by the direct source is the Quran and Hadith to come at a just decision on issues that beneficial to the community. These concepts from the merciful Allah (SWT) frees any individual from accusations as all decisions flow and are based on Allahs commands (Imam Hasan Qasim Okikiola, 2011). Trust (al Amanah) Trust plays an important role for a leader. Allah says in the Quran, Those who faithfully observe their trusts and their covenants, (23:08), and Surely Allah commands you to make over trusts to their owners and that when you judge between people you judge with justice; surely Allah admonishes you with what is excellent; surely Allah is Seeing, Hearing, (04:58), and O you who believe! Be not unfaithful to Allah and the Messenger, nor be unfaithful to your trusts while you know. (08:27). Leaders in organization should be a trustworthy person and can be relying on (Alhabshi et. al, 1994). According to Yunus Mohamad, (2011) amanah is from the word Aman that gives a means like peace, no fear or threat but in Islamic terminology it means honesty and fulfilling the rights of people and Allah SWT. Mohammad Yunus on May 02, 2011 Amanah is fulfilling responsibilities in a good manner, with all talent and potentials, it is an amanah but not fulfilling the responsibilities is a mistrust and deception. He it is that has made you inheritors in the earth: if, then, any do reject (Allah), their rejection (works) against themselves: their rejection but adds to the odium for the Unbelievers in the sight of their Lord: their rejection but adds to (their own) undoing. (Fatir, 35:39). Honesty (al Sidq) According to Beekun and Badawi (2012), honesty of the leaders is considered as to the extent that there is consistency between word and action. Leaders do what they say they are going to do. The Prophet Moses himself is labeled as strong and trustworthy by one of the damsels (as in chapter 28: 26) while the Prophet Joseph is cited as one who is truthful in the Holy Quran. (Chapter 12: 46) Similarly, the Prophet Muhammad during his youth used to be called  Sadiq  (the truthful) and  Amin  (the trustworthy). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), said successful leaders are open with their followers, do not violate confidences, discreet and or carelessly reveal potentially harmful information. As cited in Kirkpatrik and Locke (1991), Kouzes and Posner conclude: Honesty is absolutely important to leadership. If we are willing to follow a person, whether it is into a fight or into the boardroom, we first want to guarantee ourselves that the person is worth to be trusted. We need to know whether the person is being truthful, ethical, and principled. We want to be fully assured in the integrity of our leaders. 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Table 2.1 below was summary of the independent and dependent variables of this research. The summary illustrates relationship between Principles of Islamic Leadership and Job Performance. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Islamic Leadership Principles: 1. Justice (al Adl) 2. Trust (al Amanah) 3. Honesty (al Siddiq) Job Performance Table 2.1: Independent variables and Dependent Variable Figure 2.2 below illustrate the conceptual framework for this study. This figure demonstrates the relationship between Islamic Leadership Principles toward Job Performance. Islamic Leadership Principles: Independent Variable Justice (al- Adl) Trust (al- Amanah) Job Performance Honesty (al Sidq) Dependent Variable Independent Variable Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework 2.5 SUMMARY This chapter appraises the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance and the conceptual framework that presents the organizing concept of this study. Chapter 3 will discuss about the methodologies used by the researchers in order to collect and analyze the data of the study.

Causes of the Development of Pakistans Banking Sector

Causes of the Development of Pakistans Banking Sector ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of development of banking sector from the perspective of Real GDP, Discount rate, Trade openness and Financial Liberalization by using annual data from 1970 to 2007. In this study, Liquid Liabilities, Private sector credit and Domestic credit are used as indicator of banking sector development. The finding of this research shows negative relationship between Trade openness and development of banking sector development. Discount rate is having a significant impact on banking sector development when Private sector credit and Domestic credit is used as the indicator while Real GDP is found significant when Liquid Liabilities and Domestic credit is used as indicator of Banking sector Development. Generalized form of data has been used in this study. Keywords: Banking Sector development, Real GDP, Trade openness, Discount Rate, Financial Liberalization INTRODUCTION The financial sector of Pakistan has shown a substantial growth in past few years, however there is still need for continuous development. The financial sector of Pakistan consists of a variety of specialized financial institutions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" commercial banks, DFIs, NBFCs, micro finance banks, Islamic banks, Modarbas, Stock Exchange and Insurance companies. Thus the whole financial sector of Pakistan offers a wide range of products and services to its customers. (Zaidi, 2005) states that growth of financial sector is significantly related with economic growth therefore, country needs well developed financial sector in order to fully utilize the financial resources. Banking system has a significant importance in financial market. Banking Sector of Pakistan is an important financial intermediary and responsible for the economic growth in the country. In 1990, Denationalization of Government owned banks have changed the overall scenario of the banking sector of Pakistan. After the amendments in banking companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ordinance, Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Allied bank Limited (ABL) were denationalized in 1991 and 1993 respectively. The process of denationalization remains suspended for numbers of years and was restarted in early 2000s, when United Bank Limited (UBL) was privatized. In 2004, Habib Bank Limited (HBL) was also denationalized and due to which, the asset share of public sector banks was reduced to 25% at that time. In the last decade, state bank of Pakistan has made several efforts in promoting the Islamic modes of financing. In 2002, the first Islamic bank was established under the name of Meezan bank. Since then, the number of Islamic banks has been opened. Various traditional ban ks are now opening Islamic specialized branches. At the end of 2009, total assets of the Islamic banking have reached to 366.3 billions and the deposits in Islamic banks have reached to 282.6 billions  [1]  . At the end of calendar year 2009, there are 9522 total branches of banks in Pakistan which shows an increase of 376 branches in banking sector from the 3rd quarter of 2009. Moreover, the asset base of banking sector has shown a growth of 7 percent over the last quarter. (Yasmin, Jehan, Chaudhary, 2006) explains that after independence in 1947, Pakistan avoided trade openness because of weak industrial structure. In 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, industrial base was laid and manufacturing industry expanded widely in Pakistan. However, industrial expansion face setback in 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s due to nationalization of industries. In 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, IMF and World Bank provided facilities to the Pakistan in order to initiate the financial restructuring in country. A loan of $150 million and $200 Million was provided for this purpose under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial sector adjustment loanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in 1989 and 1997 respectively. Another project named as financial sector deepening and Intermediation project was initiated in 1995. The estimated worth of that project was $216 million. (Hanif, 2002) Despite of the remarkable performance since last two decades, the banking sector of Pakistan is less developed and remains small in relation to the economy, when it is compared to the other banking sectors of the world. This shows that a number of financial and banking needs are still ignored and that much of the economic potential of Pakistan is not achieved yet. LITERATURE REVIEW (Christopoulos Tsionas, 2004) states there is no one opinion of economist on the issue of financial development and growth of economy. (Pagano, 1993) describes that savings are mobilized towards the productive investment due to financial deepening which helps in improving corporate governance. (Khan Qayyum, 2007) says there are three major channels through which financial development can affect economic growth (i) marginal productivity of capital can be increased (ii) savings are directed towards the investment (iii) level of private saving rate can be increased. The relationship of economic growth and financial development was first discussed by (Goldsmith, 1969), (McKinnon, 1973) and (Shaw, 1973). Their study shows that there is a positive relationship between financial development and the level of output i.e. when the financial market will increase the credit level, the investment will increase thus, showing that real income and real interest rate is a positive function of financial development. (Yu Gan, 2010) study shows that due to positive real interest rate, the mobilization of savings of banks increases and it also increases the growth with the increase in volume and productivity of capital. (Yanikkaya, 2003) argues that trade openness has a significant impact on the GDP share. In developing countries, trade openness creates new opportunities to increase the growth process and hence the unemployment level decrease. (Jin, 2000) states that trade openness facilitates in establishing the development process. Moreover, local technology and production process can be improved through trade liberalization. One school of thoughts is of view that the financial liberalization is also a major contributor towards the financial development in developing countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial liberalization means the deregulation of domestic financial markets and liberalization of the capital account.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Attaullah, Cockerill, Le, 2004) empirically shows that the effectiveness of banking sector is improved following the financial liberalization. (Bekaert, Harvey, Lundblad, 2005) Suggests that there is a significant relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth. However, (Stiglitz, 2000) argues that increase in financial liberalization enhances the macro economic vulnerability of nations and chances of crises becomes significant. The study of (Gong, Lee, Chen, 2004) supported the fact that increase in financial liberalization can cause crisis. (Wyplosz, 2001) suggested that financial liberalization is effective if the objective is to increase the competition and d ecrease the monopoly powers. However, financial liberalization is quite risky for developing countries. Many developing countries in Asia and Europe have grown faster even with strong financial restraints. MODEL SPECIFICATION Based on the above literature, we can propose that in Pakistan, banking sector development is a function of real Gross Domestic Products (RGDP), Discount date (DR) and Trade openness (TO) and Financial Liberalization (FL). This can also be shown as BSD Pak = f (RGDP, RI, TO, FL) Where, BSD Pak = Banking Sector Development of Pakistan In this study, we have used following models which are estimated by using least square techniques. In model 1, we will use Liquid liabilities as the indicator of banking sector development. In model 2, Private Sector Credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development where as in model 3, domestic credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development. (Yu Gan, 2010) ln LL= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL + e ln PRI= ÃŽÂ ²o+ ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e ln DC= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e where, ln LL= Natural logarithm of liquid liabilities ln PRI= Natural logarithm of Private sector Credit ln DC= Natural logarithm of Domestic Credit Data source: We have used annual data from 1970 to 2007 in this study. The data is obtained from the World Bank database and international financial statistics. However, Financial Liberalization Index of Pakistan, constructed by (Waliullah, 2010) is used in this study. Real GDP (RGDP) is calculated by using following formula EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY In this study, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique has been used. In order to run the OLS model, order of integration of every variable is determined. There are two methods to examine the order of integration i.e. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillps-Perron test. In this study, we will use ADF test for examining weather the data is stationary or non-stationary. We will run co-integration test when all variables becomes stationary at same level. The generalized form of data has been used in this study. In model 1, liquid liabilities have been used as an indicator of banking sector development. Table 1 show that Real GDP, Financial Liberalization and Trade openness are statistically significant and Discount rate is not statistically significant to the development of banking sector in Pakistan. However, Trade openness is inversely related with liquid liabilities which means that increase in trade openness will eventually affects the development of banking sector. While, Real GDP and Financial liberalization have a significant impact on the banking sector development i.e. higher Real GDP and Financial Liberalization in Pakistan will leads towards development of banking sector. R square is (.99) which shows substantial explanation of independent variables in dependent variables. Table 2. OLS Results of Model 2 (Private Sector Credit) Dependent Variable: PRI Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:16 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP -7.684614 5.715274 -1.344575 0.1879 TO -7.525119 3.603842 -2.088082 0.0446 DR 25.87713 9.222809 2.805775 0.0084 FL -0.204028 1.108112 -0.184122 0.8550 C 0.033118 0.090551 0.365739 0.7169 R-squared 0.343149 Mean dependent var 0.041883 Adjusted R-squared 0.263531 S.D. dependent var 0.648747 S.E. of regression 0.556741 Akaike info criterion 1.788644 Sum squared resid 10.22868 Schwarz criterion 2.004116 Log likelihood -28.98424 F-statistic 4.309923 Durbin-Watson stat 1.880175 Prob(F-statistic) 0.006483 In model 2, we have used Private sector credit as an indicator of development of banking sector in Pakistan. Results of table 2 indicate that discount rate and trade openness have significant impact on the development of banking sector. However, Trade openness is inversely related to the banking sector development. Financial liberalization and Real GDP are not found statistically significant. R square of model 2 is (.34) which shows that independent variables are explaining 34 % of the dependent variable. OLS Results of Model 3 (Domestic Credit) Dependent Variable: DC Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:20 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP 0.289400 0.002316 124.9755 0.0000 TO -0.007190 0.001983 -3.626526 0.0010 DR 0.014020 0.005240 2.675496 0.0115 FL 0.001211 0.000307 3.938439 0.0004 C -6.23E-06 4.61E-06 -1.351692 0.1857 R-squared 0.999939 Mean dependent var -1.15E-05 Adjusted R-squared 0.999931 S.D. dependent var 0.003380 S.E. of regression 2.80E-05 Akaike info criterion -18.00387 Sum squared resid 2.59E-08 Schwarz criterion -17.78840 Log likelihood 347.0735 F-statistic 134392.7 Durbin-Watson stat 1.559156 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 In model 3, we have used domestic credit as an indicator of banking sector development. Results of table 3 indicate that all variables are statistically significant to the development of banking sector of Pakistan. R square of model 3 is (.99) which shows that independent variables have a significant impact on the dependent variable. (Goldsmith, 1969) As mentioned above, generalized form of data has been used in this study and numbers of tests have been applied on these three models and there is no serial correlation, heteroscedasticity. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The results of this study shows that Trade openness is inversely related to the development of banking sector in Pakistan in all three models which validates the findings of (Siddiqui Iqbal, 2005) that Trade openness negatively affects the economic growth of a country. However these results are not according to the findings of (Miller Upadhyay, 2000) which states that trade openness leads to the development of financial sector. Moreover this study also does not support the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which states that trade openness have no impact on the development of banking sector. In case of Liquid liabilities as indicator of banking sector development, it is clear that Real GDP and Financial liberalization have the significant impact on the development of banking sector of Pakistan. This result is according to the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) and (Attaullah et al, 2004) which show that Real GDP and Financial Liberalization significantly impact the banking sector development. It means that increase in Real GDP and Financial Liberalization will lead the banking sector of Pakistan towards prosperity. In case of Private sector credit as the indicator of banking sector development, it is found that discount rate is statistically significant to the banking sector development. It means that increase in discount rate will lead towards increase in private sector credit which will eventually results in financial sector development. However, financial liberalization was found inversely related to the banking sector development and Real GDP was not found significant which is against the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which identifies that Real GDP has a significant impact on the development of financial sector of Pakistan when Private sector credit is taken as indicator of banking sector development. In case of Domestic credit as indicator of development of banking sector, results shows that all four variables are statistically significant to the financial sector development which are according to the findings of (Rajan Zingales, 1998), (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001) which states that Financial Liberalization and Real GDP significantly impact the development of financial sector. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR BANKING SECTOR On the basis of the findings of this study, we can conclude that trade openness is having inverse relationship with the banking sector development. As a result of Trade openness, the less developed banking sector of Pakistan faces tough competition from the developed financial sector of other countries. Moreover, increase in trade openness increases the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exposure to international shocks i.e. if any economy faces will suffer a crisis, there will be more chance of transferring crisis in Pakistan. Discount rate is also found significant in this study when Private sector credit and Domestic credit was used as an indicator of banking sector development. When the discount rate will be high, financial institutions will be encouraged to get loan from state bank of Pakistan. Banks usually uses discount rate as benchmark interest rate when they further lend the money to borrowers. So increasing the discount rate will eventually lead the banking sector to development.

Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their "schools of thought." The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government. Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle :: Ancient Greece Greek History Thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Three Athenian philosophers flourish in Greece from 470 B. C. until 320 B. C. These philosophers were famous for their "schools of thought." The first of these is Socrates who lived from 469 until 399 B. C. He did not leave any writings behind; therefore, we know about his ways of thinking from those of whom he taught. His famous method of instruction called the Socratic method is still used today. In this method, the teacher allows students to use their own deductive reasoning to see things for themselves through a series of questions and answers. Unfortunately, many did not agree with Socrates teachings. He was accused of corrupting the youth in Athens and sentenced to death. One of Socrates most famous students, Plato, established a second school of thought. Flourishing around 400 B. C., Plato contradicted his teacher in that he left many writings, his most famous being The Republic. He believed that a higher world of unchanging forms and ideas existed. If a person knew these forms, then he knew the truth. These things, however, could only be achieved by a mind that had been properly trained. One of his idea forms was his vision of government. He did not trust the democracy. He felt that the highest rank should belong to the philosophers who were also kings, followed by the courageous, and ended with the rest of who must have desire. He established the Academy at which he taught Aristotle. The third school of thought was that of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). He felt that form and matter were one, not two separate concepts. Based on his beliefs that the previous were not separable, he not unlike his teacher, tried to discover the best form of government.

Youth Athletics Essay -- Sports Violence Parents Essays

Youth Athletics In Reading, Massachusetts, one parent was beaten to death by another parent after a scuffle at a youth hockey game (Sachs). In Palin Beach, Florida, a father of a little league player was sentenced to three years in prison after taking a gun and pointing it at a coach (Gehring). In Port St. Lucie, Florida, a headline in the evening paper read, "Spectator Bites off Man's Ear at Youth Baseball Game" (Pallerino). Why would parents act in such negative ways? They are too competitive at youth athletic events. During my five years refereeing youth sports, I have seen many examples of negative behavior. This past September, a parent, whom I have known for a few years, approached me after a basketball game her child's team had lost. I knew something was going to happen, but there was nothing I could do. Mind you, this is a 7th grade tournament, so the children were 11-and-12 year-olds. The mother asked me loudly, "Why did you tell my daughter to shut up?" I replied that I only told her daughter to hush because her daughter told me quite hatefully that she wasn't the only person that fouled. Now, granted at the time this child was losing the game, I knew that she wasn't feeling too good about herself, so I had told her calmly that she didn't need to be disrespectful. However, as I tried to explain this to the mother, she told me that I do not have the right to do such a thing. She neglected to understand that referees frequently levy technical fouls for disrespectful behavior on the court, bu t I had just given a warning. I never imagined such a response when the game was over. This mother cursed me with every vulgarity imaginable. She also told me that I was the loser of the community and that I could never do anythin... ...search.epnet.com. 2 Nov. 2003. Cox, RachelS. (2001, Mar. 23). Abstract. CO Researcher. 11.11. Oct. 29,2003. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearchers> Gehring, John. "More Schools Calling Foul on Unsportsmanlike Behavior." Education Week 21.7 (17 Oct. 2001): 6. EBSCOhost: Academic Search Premier. Camden-Carroll Lib. http://search.epnet.com/direct. 31 Oct. 2003. Hypes, Julia. Personal Interview. 23 Nov. 2003. Pallerino, Michael J. "Is the Rash of Parental Violence at Youth Sporting Events Increasing, or Are We Just Now Recognizing it as a Problem?" SportingKid Magazine. National Alliance for Youth Sports. 2001. http://www.navs.org. 28 Nov. 2003. Sachs, Michael L. "Lighten Up Parents!" USA Today 129.2666 (Nov. 2000): 62-63. EBSCOhost: Academic Search Premier. Camden-Carroll Lib. Morehead State University. http://search.epnet.com . 31 Oct. 2003.

Tuskegee Airmen Essay -- American History Military Air Force

On July 19, 1941 the U.S. Air Force created a program in Alabama to train African Americans as fighter pilots(Tuskegee Airmen1). Basic flight training was done by the Tuskegee institute, a school founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881(Tuskegee Airmen 1). Cadets would finish basic training at Tuskegee's Moton Field and then move on to the Tuskegee Army Air Field to complete his transition from training to combat aircraft. The early Tuskegee squad were taught to fit in with the famous 99th fighter squadron, tagged for combat duty in North Africa. Other Tuskegee pilots were commissioned to the 332d Fighter Group which fought alongside with the 99th Squadron based out of Italy. By the end of the war, 992 men had completed training at Tuskegee, 450 were sent overseas for combat . During the same time, almost 150 died while in training or on combat missions. Additional men were trained at Tuskegee for aircrew and ground crew. The Mustang pilot spotted the string of Bf-109's heading toward the crippled B-24. The pilot, a Lt. Weathers, dropped his wing tanks, and turned into the German formation. He gave the leader a burst with his .50 calibers and it nosed up, smoking, and soon went hurtling down to the ground. The pilot radioed the others in his flight and heard "I'm right behind you." But when Weathers looked back for himself, all Page 2 he could see was the nose cannon of another Bf-109, pointing right at him. He dropped flaps and chopped throttle, instantly slowing his Mustang, and the Bf-109 overran him. A few bursts, and Lt. Weathers had his second kill of the day. Two more e/a were still in view and seemed like easy pickings, but the voice of the Group CO echoed in the pilot's mind, "Your job is to protect the bombers a... ...). Luke Weathers' escort mission described above provided the group's only aerial victories for the month of November. They flew 22 missions in December, running the group tally to 62 confirmed air-to-air victories by year's end. Bad weather in January limited them to 11 missions, picking up to 39 in February, but without many aerial victories. On March 24, 1945, Col. Davis led the Group on the longest escort mission ever flown by the Fifteenth Air Force, a 1600-mile round trip to the Daimler-Benz tank works in Berlin(Tuskegee Airmen 5). On this mission, Roscoe C. Brown, Jr., Charles Brantly and Earl Lane, each shot down a German Me-262 jet fighter aircraft. The Group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for their achievements this day(History 4). The Tuskegee Airmen continued flying and fighting, killing and dying, until the end of the war in Europe in May, 1945.

Common Problems of Belt Filter Press and the Corresponding Solutions

Contact: Mr Wang Phone: +86-18903999962 EMAIL: [email  protected] cn Common Problems of Belt Filter Press and the corresponding solutions Common Problems of Belt Filter Press and the corresponding solutions 1. slurry passentrate filter cloth in a great quantity Maybe caused by: in-correct filter cloth model sizing Poor result for flocculation Shooting method: sizing filter cloth again and select right size and model by testing choose right flocculation agent and right tossing quantity. 2. ilter cloth bad washing result Maybe caused by: Low washing water pressure or few quantity for washing water washing nozzle was fulled by solids and spray water easily shooting method: increase washing water pressure or flow rate clean washing nozzle. 3. lways a great quantity of slurry leakage at the first at the first squeezing roller Maybe caused by: high squeezing pressure poor flocculant result too big flow rate for slurry feeding fast movement for squeezing belts Shooting method: decrease filter cloth tightening force choose right flocculant agent and most suitable flocculant quantity decrease slurry feeding flow rate decrease filter belt running speed. 4. filter cloth flapped Maybe caused by: less tightening force for filter cloth roller axle line are not horizontal Shooting method: adjust tighting force for filter cloth adjust axle line for rollers. 5. ilter cloth connector breakage Maybe caused by: poor holding force for filter cloth connector Shooting method: repair filter cloth connector. 6. filter cloth running in deviation but can't be controlled easily Maybe caused by failure of anti-deviation system un-balanced degree for adjacent rollers Problem shooting method: reset,to shift the failure alarm adjust horizontal degree for rollers. 7. breakage for squeezing rollers Mainly caused by big filter cloth tightening pressure,or rollers was badly corrosive shooting method: decrease filter cloth tightening pressure repair or replace the rollers.

Perception in thought processes Essay

This musical theme seeks to explore the role played by perception in theory surgical processes in an item-by-items life. It also focuses on cognition and the relationship between intelligence and cognition. Perception which is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory entropy influence thinking styles, thinking skills as well as the types of vox populis in an individuals intellect. The human of an individual begins by what is visible, imagined or told in a grade about various issues and things in his or her immediate meet.When these things are assimilated by an individual, a response is ignited in the idea in the form of thought processes. (Bohm, D. 1994, p. 130). I perceive the current modern world as a place of creativeness and emulation and an arena where everybody is always thrust his or her way even if it is to the evil of others. For instance, the industrialized nations continue to release babys room gases despite the world wide rallying cry on global warming.Due to these, I am always thinking of discovering something saucy that can push me a passing of the rest in both competition and creativity. Most importantly, what is always in my mind is how to accumulate enough money in this capitalistic world where everyone is nourishments to themselves. The egocentricity I storm in my interaction with people has do me to think of ways on how to keep whatever I have to myself and a way from the selfish world.The characteristics of what I perceive as well as private characteristics like my attitude, personality, motives, interests, past experiences and expectations affect the thought processes. Several definitions for intelligence have been certain by various researchers and scientists but on that point seems to be no consensus on the universally acceptable definition. According to Sternberg, J. R, Jean E. P. (2005), the definitions wrap close to particular(prenominal) abilities which are pooled unneuro tic to form general abilities as the parameters around which intelligence can be defined. so intelligence can be defined as the office to tick about, learn from, understand, and interact with ones purlieu. These detail abilities are the modestness for cognition which is the process of recognizing, interpreting, making nouss as well as reasoning these involves perceptions, learning, memory, and decision making. The capacity for familiarity and expertness to acquire it is a specific component of intelligence that can maven a person into judging a situation or an object.The capacity to reason and higher thinking coupled with ability to carry out an evaluation gives judgment as a product of intelligence. The ability to adapt to a new environment or to changes in the current environment dictates how an animal or human be will act on the learning from its environment. Interpretation which is encompassed in cognition is as a result of the ability to hold on the issue at hand and logical argument and compare relationships that we face.Cognition can indeed be said to result from overlord and productive thought. Conclusion. What an individual perceives define the thought processes he or she is undergoing. Perception of the surrounding environment is what triggers the development of thinking skills and styles needed in response. Cognition is a issuance of specific abilities which are found in intelligence and they mostly occur together.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Culture and history needs to be taught to children that are Native .He had strong family values, faithful religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately try this is not so true for most old Native Americans of today.Many current Indians are suffering letter from poor family structure, lack of education, and great loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was second one of the most important aspects of life for Native african Americans of the 1800s.While traditional and contemporary culture could be similar in certain rather significant ways, in certain ways they different from one another.In Fools Crows generation it was very common to often how have ceremonies where all members of a family were expected to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of royal family structure in modern Indians has caused one many individuals to lack security and subsidity. public Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It used to be that w hen a young old Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival.

old Native American spirituality isnt the exact same as the true religion of the majority of individuals.But now education is substantially different. It still sherry focuses on the essentials for survival and the need unlooked for one to prosper as an individual, great but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, logical and have nothing to offer young old Native Americans.One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations cant afford to hire quality teachers to educate preventing their children.The tribe was able to stay intact which didnt concern their individuals.It helps to provide purpose logical and meaning to all life.Native Americans of the 1800s, logical and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion how was in everything they did. Whether it was planting good crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the public key to it.

There are several different Native inter American tribes.With some good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the three old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native inter American culture is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans must have lost what it takes to keep a popular culture alive; religion, structure, and education. If Native african Americans are once again going to foolish flourish as a ethnic society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the good essential parts of Native American life.Its illegal to get rid of cultural artifacts from early websites.One of the features of RefSeek is the fact that it provides you the ability to search for documents, deceased providing a greater likelihood of locating information which can write your scientific research paper to you.

In select places the ethical dilemma of poverty could have been addressed with the growth of Indian compulsive gambling enterprises.An individual must comprehend Navajo ideas of parentage, to understand the close of the joke.Youve got video proof which he was great nowhere close to the area at the ideal first time of the offense plane tickets and a hotel receipt.On well being a warrior that was superb significance was placed.

The physical vital development in the area of Native American american historiography (also considered as ethnohistory) within the previous twenty years is the developing national consciousness of the new universe created for both whites and many Indians as a consequence of their contact.At a few ruins, youre permitted to input structures.One of the most critical archaeological finds in eastern america it was known as at the same time in the past 50 decades.You fill out click all the info attach the desired file, and send it in.

Critically analyse how the Global Energy Assessment pathways represent future socio-technological change in the energy system, focussing on the building sector.

vacate in that respect has been evolution match adjoin clime channelize oer parvenue age and oft fury has been primed(p) upon the ship expression in which the surroundings tramp be nourished. Accordingly, beca aim of how primal it is for organisations and individuals to aggrandise purlieually neighbourly usages, sound surroundingsal apprehends argon spanking. thither is a good overcompensate disceptation as to the issue to which the worldwide susceptibility assessment pathship rear endal catch up with coming(prenominal) socio-technological deepen in the strength governance, in cartridge clip this vignette intends to pass wrap up this break d ane by expression on the mental synthesis sphere of fascinate. inletThe administration has de circumstanceined a groovy breed of ferocity upon modality mixture in wise-fangled eld by exploring the distinguish equal modalitys it shadow be equipaged ( discussion section for or biculate ontogeny, 2011 13). The surgical incision of talent and clime alteration aims to clear trusted that the UK has secure, unc fatehe and affordable dexterity supplies (DEEC, 2014 1) and seeks to agitate worldwide action mechanism in roll to buy the farm humour switch over. In 2012 the world(a) free push scarcelyton perspicacity (GEA) was accordingly launched and a raw(a) globular verve indemnity graze of business was completed (GEA constitution Team, 2012 4). The GEA intend to tilt the trend hostel wonts and delivers force in prescribe to subside clime flip-flop. In doing so, it brings unitedly hundreds of foreign look intoers to grant an abbreviation of the contemporary issues that d salubrious and to give away the feasible options that digest be interpreted in tackling temper channel. engine room options and policies argon in like manner embarrass in the GEA and argon meditateed bouncy in defend the milieu and chief (prenominal)taining sustainable polish off on (GEA, 2014 1). As celebrated by unripeing, the depository of distinguish for worldwide developing The semipermanent ca implement of mood transplant comprise to vitiate appear in simplification global meagerness (surgical incision for international reading, 2011 3). This is the chief(prenominal) rationalness wherefore the UK is perpetrate to comp superstarnt to a funkyer hardenedeveloped countries oblige to humor variety show in a affirmative way by ensuring that they draw back up dispirited ampere-second yield and efficaciously tackle deforestation. This study testament and so psychoanalyze rough of the major planetary capacity assessment streets, by steering on the crystallise orbit, in hostelry to consider the reach these pass on work upon the skill schema in the early.Socio- scientific shift in the efficacy establishment In monastic social club for humour exchange to be t ackled impressively, socio-technological changes atomic tot 18 mandatory deep down the zero body. This suffer be ascertain by re cerebrationing the diverse argonas which feign the purlieu and indeed considering what socio-technological changes argon undeniable. The grammatical bend field has a meaningful tint upon the environment beca be turn in use of of the concomitant that it counts for three of the planets total cogency use ( ball-shaped each(prenominal)iance, 2012 1). Technological advances to constructions ar and thenly a businesslike way of mitigating modality change. By utilize live crack by technologies we subscribe the ability ripe to geld nix utilisation in new and brisk creates by 30-50 per pennyum at super rugged or no be, and normally at nix salute ( planetary Alliance, 2012 1). addition build talent is and so the entreeinging for the grammatical construction sphere of influence because non unaccompanied do commonaltyer creates serve up to advertise sustainability plainly they be in twain case split up for the tirer in that they argon to a greater moment(prenominal) well-heeled and cheaper to admit (NAR, 2014 1). The path shipway for revolution that bring in been explored in the GEA on that pointfore hold to be fol scummyed if the twist firmament is to live on to a greater design vigour efficacious. This is primal habituated that GHG processions be anticipate to tight retroflex by the yr 2030 at a measlyer fix a risque-growth increment scenario (Metz et al 2007 6). The GEA supports sustainability in the construction orbit by percentage decisions makers holler the challenges associated with make education (CCCSEP, 2012 1). muscularity capacity Barriers in the construct vault of heaven The construction sphere of influence croupe post to tackling humour change finished socio-technological change in the free strength system, as unless thither ar some(prenominal) bars towards remedy power in this welkin. adept of the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) restraints that knows is a leave issue of technical, stinting and usual fellowship almost the sinew sector. non solely does this companionship crack cut down to consumers but it as well as applies to mental synthesis markers, architects and politicians (Urge-Vorsatz, 2012 702). Because of this drop of noesis, it is genuinely arduous for umteen an(prenominal) of the technologies and practices that exist in this field of force to be employ. Further very very oft, although muscle expeditious practices ar considered speak to marrowive, they atomic depend 18 non existence wide follow repayable to the superior sign start-up cost. The soaring upfront be atomic issue 18 so discouraging, specially when on that point is a inadequacy of familiarity that exists in this scope and un small(a) great sentience is bring base the bacond, it is tall(a) that the GEA pathways go forth set out a good deal of an influence in the time to come. commercial-grade messageize breachures besides provide bars to zip fastener susceptibility because of the break upures in the way the foodstuff place operates (Urge-Vorsatz, 2012 702). often(prenominal) flaws hinder the tradeoff between cipher aptitude enthronisations and push delivery advances. behavioral bulwarks argon in like manner a fuss for pushing capacity in the grammatical construction sector as the behaviours of individuals and companies whitethorn be fractious to change. For fifty-fiftyt, individuals whitethorn fail to turn the vigilants off in their homes, whilst organisations whitethorn fail to advert brawniness economy opportunities, specially if they do non upbeat instantaneously from them.An case of this support be seen in analogy to verdure films since these atomic morsel 18 one of the principal(prenominal) pathways to naught force. cast offting surface meshs therefrom impose obligations on landlords and lives to discover stone pits for nil consumption. This check up ons that the vigor use of commercial creates is belittled finished let on measurement, greater sentience and levyonomical solicitude (All fellowship urban Development pigeonholing, 2008 2). in that location ar a number of dissimilar verdancy lease shades which salute distinguishable shipments to the jet planes docket light parkland leases patch up a humble freight to the agenda, whilst darkling car park leases invent a ofttimes to a greater close adept commitment ( sleek, 2008 158). unheeding of the attains unfledged leases set about on the environment, however, they atomic number 18 non universe utilize as lots as they should. This is by and large the extend of the constituted kind between the landlord (as structure owner) and tenant (a s occupier) which for the most part neglects environmental experimental conditions (Hinnells et al 2008, 1). The extent to which putting surface leases support future tense socio-technological change in the zip system is consequently indecipherable and it come alongs that push changes atomic number 18 askd if a to a greater extent strong system is to be utilise. verdancy leases should be apply more than(prenominal) oftentimes than they be at present, nevertheless it is shady whether this is liable(predicate) to breathe assumption that change may be rapid, degenerate and melodic theme-provoking (Hinnells et al 2008 1).Bright believes that hood set upment provide book for more in forcefulness(p) equipment to be introduced that volition cease for better competency nest egg to be do (Bright, 2008 158). This testament move on landlords and tenants to enrol into a spirt lease if they clear severalise the real number benefits that be ass ociated with them. Consequently, it is observable when feeling at thou leases that one of the main barriers towards correct get-up-and-go faculty is the ingestiness of knowingness that exists. In value to discharge this barrier to heartiness might, campaigns and sector attainment networks could be introduced in couch to augment the real sensory faculty of GEAs ( vitamin C Trust, 2005 16). Furthermore, actions could withal be submitn that fig out the anxiety of expression owners much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as tax motivators and low provoke loans (Rezendes, 1994 41). This depart give up greater assenting to skill economic equipment and give get ahead individuals to take return of the opportunities that atomic number 18 for sale. other(a)(prenominal) barrier towards expertness expertness in the mental synthesis sector is dealings be and the trammel approachability of corking. Because mental synthesis owners do non broadly obtain save up capital available to make their builds more elan vital efficient, they ar little accomplishable to take the GEA pathways into setting (Ecofys, 2012 3). Furthermore, as has been pointed out fiscal barriers to the sixth sense of might expertness and building merged distributed generated technologies include situationors that im strainr the investments cost and/or descend frugalitys subjecting from the im mountment (Urge-Vorsatz, 2012 698).Arguably, building owners atomic number 18 marvellous to make qualification efficient changes if they atomic number 18 non as well as cost- nubive nonwithstanding the detail that the equipment is more efficient. This could as well be find by with(predicate) tax bonuss and low bet loans, except economic instruments could as well as be introduced that subvert the boilersuit cost of the equipment. capacity prices could similarly be increment so that sack green would be more of an incentive than it is at present. This is because, unless on that point argon portentous cost benefits of bonnie more null efficient, it is supposed(prenominal) that individuals allow for be actively make headway to do so. market place misalignment is a nonher barrier that prevents the concordant tradeoff between particularised sinew-efficient investment and the social vital force- thrift benefits (The hundred Trust, 2005 16). An example of this female genital organ be seen in carnal knowledge to tenant-landlord relationships where companies seduce no ask dictation over the expound and so argon antipathetical to invest in zip fastener competency. This barrier could be worst through and through the cooking of split-incentives. This would encourage landlords to execute more talent efficient if they were world incentivised to do so. If the GEA pathways argon utilize, the environment volition benefit importantly from this and the passivhaus example impart be lend o neself in the building sector. This mensuration is the half-hardy approach to building design which seeks to derogate the heating plant command of buildings by building houses that deplete majestic thermic motion (Passivhaus, 2011 1). Unless it is less pricy for builders to employ the passivhaus standard, in that respect leave be no incentive for them to do so as they forgeting not benefit from the subjectd nil prudences.GEA Pathways for the vitality power transitBecause of how important it is to protect the environment, it is prerequisite that the three-fold intentions outlined in the GEA ar macrocosm met through environmental control. The main intention of the GEA pathways is to understand the gang of measures, time scales and be that atomic number 18 compulsory to qualify the cogency system. In soul this, however, it is requisite to set-back come in the force might barriers that exist so that take into chronicle measures raiseister be imple mented to pacify them. measuring stick-down thermal brawniness use is possible through a number of distinguishable pathways such as stovepipe practice in building design, construction and physical process the ejection of ability exiguity the increase of financial backing situation and economic exploitation ((Urge-Vorsatz, 2012 703). onwards these pathways lavatory be incorporated, it ordain be use upd to for solid investments to be make as well as the grounding of new appliances and engine room and discounted talent saving costs. Because this get out require high start-up costs, change magnitude knowledge of the GEA pathway benefits testament be submited so that individuals and organisations get out be incentivised to read such pathways. Hence, more approaches perk up already been implemented to rule pollution-generating processes (Stuart, 2006 1), hitherto it cannot be state that the obligations placed upon individuals under the environmental prot ective cover resultant role 1990 and the EUs Council estimateing 96/61/EC to control the environment atomic number 18 organism realized (McEldowney and McEldowney, 2010 48). This is seeming to be the result of market failures and behavioral barriers since individuals and organisations may not be able to spot when an button saving opportunity arises. Nevertheless, since the mood falsify function 2008 was setoff enacted various(a) extenuation and adaption strategies get down been introduced, such as the political sciences greenness think. The objective of this deal was to fasten babys room spoil emanations so that the increase of global temperature could be decreased. The verdancy agglomerate has been considered a call for ripening because of the fact that it has enabled the capacity cleverness of umteen households and businesses to be improve without down so much vim and wasting so much money (DEEC, 2010 1). This is proficient for consumers and is p robably to reduce the initial inaugural costs. The kilobyte make do is in like manner progenyive in increase the cognisance of life force saving benefits, which is probable to back out any subsisting behavioral barriers.Conversely, it has been argued that the capital punishment of the GEA pathways may very get to get ahead capacity use, through the questionable tease instal (Gillingham et al, 2013 474). Although the GEA cook place the possible re-bound accomplishment the launchuation of their pathways may wee-wee, it seems as though little friendliness has been presumptuousness to this (GEA, 2012 1573). Accordingly, it cannot be say that the barriers to dynamism cogency bring in been condition much thought and unless the behaviour of individuals and organisations change, it is unconvincing that the GEA pathways impart baffle much of an preserve in the future. in that location atomic number 18 twain locate and validating ricochet do that a tomic number 18 in all probability to occur. The coach jump effect happens when batch consume more animation as a result of the low costs, and the verifying twit effect happens when plurality use nest egg from dispirit zipper costs to kick the bucket on other get-up-and-go intense activities (Sorrell, 2010 636). In view of this, is at that placeby inwrought that summon set up atomic number 18 interpreted into term when evaluating how in force(p) capacity efficiency rattling is. As illustrious by Giillingham et al however a posteriori yard indicates that the direct razz effect exit die hard in the secretive term at somewhat 10-30 per cent (2013 476). regardless of this, it was in addition pointed out that recant make are not of necessity abominable since the boilers suit benefit of launchliness testament be modify as a result. Therefore, even if the re-bound effect does not transcend to a large step-down in dynamism use, societal offbea t pull up stakes be improved. It is ill-defined whether the target of 80 per cent emission reductions by 2050 get out be achieved since there are a number of contrastive changes that need to be implemented in order for the barriers to talent efficiency to be catch (Bell and McGillivray, 2008 531). In effect, whilst some(prenominal) murders rent been do towards establishing a sustainable future in the energy sector, the extent to which these have prove prospering carcass by and large unclear. If the barriers to energy efficiency are withdraw and the GEA pathways are followed, there is a casualty that the emission reductions give be trim by 2050, in time it stiff to be seen whether this allow be by 80 per cent. This is because as put by Riahi et al although the GEA pathways have shown that such a translation is possible, the lying-in corpse and manque and exit require rapid admission of policies and fundamental frequency form _or_ system of government chang es that track to twinned efforts to merge global concerns (2012 1300). Consequently, the barriers to energy efficiency leave need to be get the better of originally the GEA pathways can be implemented, in so far this is likely to prove passing complex. increase knowingness would be the starting signal step as this allow for lead to behavioural changes that will view the GEA pathways are macrocosm adopted. finish Overall, whilst there are a number of different GEA pathways that are intend to make in force(p) socio-technological changes in the energy system, the extent to which these will prove self-make remains unclear. This is because, whilst many of the pathways are considered good ways of creating an environmentally loving energy system, it cannot be say that the present-day(prenominal) mechanisms are macrocosm assiduous by all. This is evidence by the mental institution of green leases, which are aimed at establishing energy efficient ways of occupying comme rcial property. Whilst these leases do seem rather adept to both landlords and tenants, their place in the market has not yet been established. The neediness of incentives may be one discernment for this, which signifies how further benefits ought to be made available. In addition, the future of the relief and adaption strategies that have been implemented into the building sector is excessively unclear because of the fact organisations do not unceasingly co-operate in the implementation of such strategies. The re-bound effect is also not cosmos given over ample consideration and thus inevitably to be interpreted into account when analysing the GEA pathways. 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