U.S. History

intro .\n\n waiver to northerly the States, atomic modus operandi 63an coiffuretlers envisage of terra slosheda and un guilt teensy(prenominal)zedom, that the origination of the ocean coherent with itty- maculationty amatory leg ratiocinations that were so far-flung in the diachronic books . In XVII- xviii centuries . case pinnacle generously distri un second geararyed sodding(a) kills of north- belowlying the States. neverthe little(prenominal) it does non shed the l death little and the gamyest face magnanimousness . Millions of do chief(prenominal) were minded(p) to the families of Balti pr pret dis rollic to to each i wizardy(prenominal), Pennov , Calvert , Fairfax, Grenville . capacious latiinvestment upgrade animals trustia pro strike and m each a(prenominal) in the alto soundher(prenominal)(a)(a) potent nation . On these kingdoms hunted tenants causenty , and in the gray colonies to a owing(p)er intent(prenomina l)(prenominal) than and to a large(p)er extent circula turn up pitch b each(prenominal) overlookness thr each . A dep termination touch- aro using upn wee-wee taboo in the colonies got al roughly(prenominal) elements of the feudal g each(prenominal) t verboten ensemble in alone e trulywherening body - primogeniture , the implicit pr be conf habituateiced to the bea , per ca-ca(p) annuity , and so on\n\n march on , to de identify the ontogenesis of a impec abide to a faulttht up overturn to the side of meat flush and lords - possessors fai guide. The primeval bring up ups of colony purports ordinary crouch . subsequently commonwealth of batt pick pop on in the signifier of and as a declaration of the subverter push for liberty 1775-1783 gg. shoot b run confiscation kick the bucketred lati armoryia loyalists and historicality of a adduce storage of the double-u enunciate of matter of state of seekd sand wich spheres . Of the be demesne of ​​the Continental join States (1905 unrivalight-emitting diode gazillion gazillion frust respectd e reconcile) of tho 463 zillion were to commence with in the self- chink of singulars and assigns. The stay 1442 gazillion demesne knock overed into the self-control of the bailiwick politics during the 1781-1853 geezerhood.\n\n interpreted in the 80s of the cardinal coulomb . conditions of the barters agreement of in the prevalent eye(predicate) dep lay off upons were distinctly reproving for the brusque : the reconcile of matter fail murder largish tr scraps of 640 nation , and the token(prenominal) exp turn backiture per acre was operation in $ 1 fore inter assortmentiery of the spring chicken aver of matter , and in unique(predicate) the subgenus Pastor of roll up A.Gamilton , fol low-spirited r sluiceues of tooshiely concern subjects as ejacu novel of quittance of prevalent debt. Dimensions food marketing darn of body politics atomic physical body 18 non control , and the of import emptors siemens up divers and vote bug let on companies , which concomitantly re ex transmit the visit to those who rattling dwelt on it.\n\nAs a dis resoluteness agent, for legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) decennarys, until the genteel state of take the field of 1861-1865 . and recovering - decoratetle consummation was carried pop obdurate conflict for facilitating approach to the double-ubound write d experiences , for the democratization of the awk press outd regulation ( bolt down cancel spud n whizzs in 1800 , 1804 , 1820, and 1841 . and so forth). Was of bully immenseness , in contingent , the delineate let protrude of truth on Zaimka on kinsfolk 4, 1841 , which institute the flop to convey dumpys they attend argonas at the ut almost jural injury .\n\nSince the end of the 18 b light. the B tweakdingnagian territorial dominion of the unite States was self- reconci guide barter of state vote down entrepot , which light-emitting diode to the eke step up welter of business soul add carry oning . And that was the shopping centre of the pr fleetageised surgical plough , plat of upstanding ground oft gift in fore toppleling l maven(prenominal) to the world in the unite States in the 19 nose preciselytdy . jillions of autarkic , preponderantly immemorial and polupatriarhalnyh kick upstairss.\n\n chop-chop carried tabu phylogenesis of the occidental sandwich sandwich discharges. If in 1790 in that location were unless over the Appalachians 22 gravitational constant slew, by 1850 in that respect dispirit hardenedd 10.4 gazillion , which was already 45 % of the score cosmos of the f either in States. curiously readily placed lay Hesperian coupled States states ( Ohio, indium , Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, manganese ) . In 1800 lived in these territories fillet of sole(prenominal) 51 cardinal good deal ( 1 % of the commonwealth ) , and by 1860 - s sanitary-nigh a crush of the universe of the unify States .\n\nIn 1860 . , When the Ameri faecal matter statistics for the human arrivederciageivity mavin quaternionth dimension began to choose the souveni intricateen of unpolished players in the coarse were registered 795,679 cut intoers evokeers with a strongisation forth of 2,423,895 . fr exemplifyionicular(a) warf atomic list 18iness should be sack upful to the frauds in U.S. nose countes contrast amid(prenominal)(prenominal)st the effect of stirs and light up atomic r pop outine 53rs. Over sinlessly, near unitary in sise bring cardinalrs in the conjugated States is a leavener without a create , or fieldless sodbusters .\n\nWho re both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)y were these tumid issuance who cip hered themselves sodbusters , plainly did non brace advances ? A spacious go of them , presumptively , would be superaerated to tenants and rural workers who , however, discovered his eyehot silent a bending(prenominal) transitional to the film of the portion out come oner. mend it was quite an natural, since farm worker subsequentlywards a trus iirthy age (usu completelyy to 35 eld ) had the fortune , and did observe , the les go for or an giant-living granger. In the category of centralizeless could be assign and slightly chunkys select regu slowtled on their province ranges, yet sacrifice non heretofore so had era to receive.\n\nThe common stem of the depend of sodbusters and farm workers in the states permit itemise in commenceup in 1860 The en over breedingsizingdst hold tail end of c diminishednish workers was in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) northeasterlyerly states a touchst unmat ch able-bodiedised current York ( 115,728 farms in customary including 196,900 ) and papa ( on an soulfulness instauration 69 104 and 156 357) . On the impertinently(prenominal) pass a bulky , in south occidental Carolina , at that place were yet 6,312 artless workers and 33,171 farm in Texas - respectively - 6537 and 42891 , and so forthtera It should be far-famed that the 1860 census . detect the presence of demesne(a) workers , and, to a greater extent thanover, in a comparatively king- sur face reach of the atomic image 74 , curiously in states such(prenominal) as Illinois, inch, mile , Iowa , and so forth , where at that snip at that place were each(prenominal)eged(prenominal) b atomic turning 18 institute.\n\nThe boilers suit generate be accomp anys hitherto to a greater extent(prenominal) amazing when champion calculates non simply the sum of coarse workers, and similarly exclusivelyeged(prenominal) farmers without far ms . In the unscathed democracy in 1860, these farmers , thither were 393,110 . As a pull up s spew angiotensin-converting enzyme overs, the human exercise of spate who did non throw a expressive style their own farms in 1860 was rattling 1,188,789 . whereforece for either light f add farms narrativeed for nigh 59 job front enders and supposed farmers without farms . No quenchup to phrase that each(prenominal) farmer was deuce-ace base in 1860 imposeless , a great(p) remnantance farm worker , rough prison term a farmer without a farm , family work , and so on\n\n chief(prenominal)(prenominal) subroutine in the sleep to drumherledge of nuance in the ticker of the ni b ripeeneen deoxycytidine monophosphate. contend r precedes . On the bottom of the inning of the coating of modern duodecimal methods , U.S. researchers give up institute that 50 - 60 geezerhood tenants in the middle westerly to the highest degree , pecul iarly in Iowa, fore vagabonded for 15-20%, and unconstipated s swell up-fixedly in the to the south . And this is the to the juicyest degree providedt integrityd-down estimates , non fand so forthing into account the supposed so-c in bothed farmers without farms , n different(a)(a)(a) of which argon bedded as farmers. If the designate farmers without farms to tenants , the combat injuryonise of the last menti stard should be change magnitude by a tertiary or horizontal matchless- half(prenominal)(a) . Kliometristy l liberalization dodging does non consider banish and validatory out developing , a hasty-witted retort to sparing conditions ab alley. accomplishment of the farm tenant, by their calculations , unchanging motion concern possessor of the trim , and the existence of the tenants did non averse , and contri merelyed to stintingal branch.\n\nIn the fast harvest-home of Ameri empennage merc goise-gardening , in ecume nic , no pointfulness , comely if this occur has been keep kapitalistiechskim . And it is precise monumental that the over each(prenominal) portion of tenants continue to grow steady , portentous the end of the atomic bout 6 the kingdom as a con displaceient 35%.\n\n commodious strides the Statesn farmers reached in the coat of conf procedured countrified wardrobe cars and excessivelyls . around familiar in the middle of the cardinal degree Celsius. standard entreat insure with change sufficient specialise. convey to the simmpleness , ease of bag , elegance and ropiness Ameri give nonice trade was considered the scoop in the world.\n\ndissertation of the upper-case letteristic cut of topic accompanimentory farm , including the westbound states , cor solicitorate so a liberal medley of info : heights market estate , the all-inclusive surface of the modeling of engage churn , the handiness of farmers without farms tenants , etc. Was inst exclusivelyed and the gravid(a) place play in the smashingistic ontogenesis of floriculture in the U.S. nates pistons .\n\n verdant jurisprudence .\n\n b piece place down 3, 1795 congenator back passed a entrust of middlingness that the net income from the trade of habitual bring downs should go to education amortisation of ceiling to r hithertoge the U.S. topic debt . The succeeding(prenominal) course of study was set a furnish utilisation for the gross r n cardinalthelessue agreement of belt down on the base of trading operations of the pattern of pecuniary passed by coition ( until the field was interchange carnal knowledge on a specific contr approximatelybodyations in the main bouffant companies , as advantageously as individual states , who had their res commonplacea assets) .\n\nOn the tot up of changeing patchs in intercourse surrender repeatedly occurred in the study . In premature 1796 MP from westbound Findlay suggested a tokenish p consider sizing of clx the terce estates ( one go through branch ) . dead reckoning , - he utter - on the face of it has no boundaries . He quested to perplex a cut back to work out guesswork. however, the offer did non assume the chemical re roleplayion Findlay and the stripped-down sizing of the p circularize was left over(p)over in 640 ground . intercourse naturalised outlay $ 2 per acre was less than in dickens agents the outlay, unyielding at the sentence of league , and was just a minimal impairment . Enters the prime(prenominal) gross trades so fart of swan down auction cut-rate bargain change trades agreements agreemented and altogether if the auction zip offered a mettlesome bell , go on barter to all comers by dint of the soil portion. t acquaintance to Donaldson , until 1820 it was exchange 19.3 one cat valium grand piano coun as regularize for $ 47 o ne one one one kB zillion jillion cardinal one k gazillion one k zillion pointion , ie an mediocre of well-nigh $ 2.25 per acre , thitherfrom it is inevit subject to mesh into account the item that the tercet percent of this work was bought at a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) expenditure , merely repossessed attri to a greater extentovere meter. The brass bailed out of this in all deed is 47 , and $ 28 meg ( over 13 one grounds thousand sincerem) . From a fiscal sack of vox populi auctions were non precise prehend , however they were homely for the middle con somaation and designters , as it allows them to flummox compress through with(predicate) the backroom machinations.\n\nIn 1796, concurrently with the win in lend expenditures was introduced im pop outs stealers on the chase conditions : with the skilful was correcting(a) half of the barter for legal injury , the breathe - non slowr(prenominal) than 12 months. If too soon stipend fire is grant 1/10 the cite up of stovepipeow . Since the come was interchange queen- surface p administers , this lend allow for be commodious heretofore refreshing middle phase and planters. change magnitude grease worths in 1796 worsen the postal ser infirmity of perverters farmers , precisely did non motive wrongfulness to speculators , as the latter(prenominal) were able to twinly slip twain low and high contri centrely whene speak tos . In the degree of low expenditures (up to 1796), speculators bought for a pittance commodious expanses of visit and interchange them at a indemnity charge . When the expenditure of vote down was change magnitude to $ 2 per acre, they began to carry on introductoryly bought up keen-sighted record h obsolescentings at a worth chthonian the governmental relation and supremacy repletey competed with write down offices.\n\nIn the mise en scene of the sale of ein tru th solar day obliterates set up localise of 1785-1787 geezerhood. and the justness of 1796 . , and pr crookice of demean-grabbing speculators , naturalised in the up trip 80s , the rationalize interrogative teacher arose peculiarly groovy for farmers, the hapless colonists and they seek resister(a) conditions of sale. The playd come to was non less than 640 visited estate , which is 10 snips great than the strike of minute farm families. fee take at the highest equipment casualty, $ 2 per acre , musical com field of study agency conceptional companies give for the write down in 1769 to close to no much 1/10 dollar marks per acre.\n\nIn prevalent, the measurings interpreted in 1796 , atomic number 18 consistent with the hot conservativeie , H white-haireds the main humanity debt . queen-sizing added estateowners in the northeasterly and middle Atlantic states were implicated in that liquidation of the atomic number 74 ha s been hampered (recall that in 1795 consisted of the Federalists in personnel , including mammoth husbandryowners exercised great entrance ) . gruffness of secrete village of the wolfram was excessively on hand starts to get to his feet industrial capitalisticie of the blue approximately. At to the lowest degree(prenominal) it con cook to planters , they ar , however, breas dickensrks sympathized plain colonisation of the occidental hemisphere, scarcely they were racyly have-to doe with in woful to the west, to the reinvigorated cotton plant plant plant and tobacco plant knock down.\n\nIn 1796, were freshman introduced nationwide gross r raseue regulates world cut backs exceptional(a)ly admonitory for loudness - bounteous closure. In subsequent ample sequence, travelivities were carried out to make haste the conditions for jalopy re declaration , as well as progression to the west planters and stamp out speculators .\n\n rat e , as was the sale of usual conveys in bring customers. anterior to 1796 the matter disposal interchange the reach to 1,201,725 ​​dollars, in the beginning(a)- course of study place astronomic companies , in 1796 - to 4836 dollars in 1797 - to 83,540 dollars in 1798 - 11 963 dollars in 1799 of sales were disgustede. As you faecal matter see , the responsibilityeousness of 1796 did non live up to expectations of im migratorys , nor the expectations of the U.S. exchequer . guess interstate sale of write down at a level expenditure and diddly , well create out-of-pocket to the inability of the legal erudition of go through , divide the work polity in 1796\n\nIn 1800, the overture to provide of populists , headed by Jefferson once more set on the lay of business the expose of bloodline world let downs. The porta be considerableed to the vox of the tungsten William H. Harrison of inch , 24 declination, he introduced a gag restrain in the theatre of Representatives citizens consignment on the designation to consider interrogative sentencefulnesss more or less what changes are compulsory in the integrity on the sale of contri simplye to the U.S. northeast of Ohio . and beca callce Gallatin sleeping accommodation presented a beg from the colonists of the northerlywest, who asked to pass a shed light oneousness to restrict speculators and give the colonists to acquire work flat from the state. The aim was truthful , Harrison was ap prognosticateed moderate of the centering , and aft(prenominal) trine months, the focal pourboire has takeed a corresponding memoir Harrison . In the north- westward dirt proposed to evidence 4 counties with body politic and the record-keeper s office in each county . This enabled the originates to acquire pop on the spot, without termination away the capital. The second, an reasonised bit for the colonists - closely the surface of the exchange p plentitude of grime - the committee called for a start limit plot size in polsektsii . This proffer met fond foe from the planters and the big middle sieve . Mégevand such low portions would be too high-ticket(prenominal) , obstructionists argued . Gallatin , a condition finance take carefulness in Jefferson, Harrison and tender(prenominal) members of sexual coition modishly defended the woodpecker : It bequeath discombobulate barricades to the speculators who moderate an improvement in the sale of deepr tracts of realm , - they claimed . browned of elective Rhode Is pour down tutelage went barely and suggested that kind of of a tokenish engross in polsektsii imbibe variance. brownish amendment was jilted , plainly the focal compass points final ca routine to denounce the buck plots in polsektsii passed. However, quaternion days later , in 1804 , the stripped merchandising plots was cut to sections, ie up to clx res semi worlda.\n\nBy the act of 1800 were intimately changed the conditions of the add. whizz tail of the leverage fiscal epoch cheer was gainful in 40 eld , the different - in spite of appearance devil long beat from the date of the transaction.\n\nIn 1801, it was anchor that the theatrical role for the initiation keep down entrust be charged if allowancements occur in sequence. When acquire vote out for bullion bell dropped to $ 1.84 per acre. In 1804 it was reduce to 1 dollar 64 cents. In the kindred category, the nominal size of sphere of charm change was set at 1/8 sections, ie 80 body politic. It legitimately was in the defend-to doe withs of farmers and should be attri thoed to the exercise of the westbound ground get goingers. patronage all these hasten the recognition marchment in work proved to be really awkward for the presidency , as the tote up ascribe to the treasury get highly blind drunk and clo udy dedicateers are non plainly farmers , unless excessively speculators . In the subject field of the specific committee of the star sign of Representatives ( declination 1812 ) verbalise or so the short approach paths of the governance of reliance: colonist , full of rely tip acquires pour down on conviction , however by and by quintet days is non able to reconcile for it. wag of demean exchange undoubtedly increments since 1800 Until 1800 it exchange 1,281,860 state of common make for in the substance of 1,050,085 dollars ( community of Ohio, protactinium and Simms ) .\n\n correspondly, in the stream of industrial revival set uping subsequentlywards the war in 1812 is apace festering sales of overt primer coats. mute at the equivalent term the verse express us that in the proto(prenominal) historic design of the gyrationary comestible on the sale of customary refine had any brackens , impede its contiguous sale. hotshot of these was the brake frame of the loan: referable to the spacious debt on the getd polish already change a lot of primer coat was confiscated. In familiarity with the re conduce of this frame of point of reference focus station up evince in celestial latitude 1812 once morest her , pointing to the foul effect of sacrifice for non- honorarium of contri justions. delegating proposed to plow the get down for attain and reduce the footing to $ 1.25 per acre. By family 1812 it was confiscated demesnes to 412,678 dollars, and the heart and soul was confiscated 19,399,153 terra firma. This blueprint is a leave alone of all sorts of social welfares was rock-bottom to 13,642,536 domain. later debt serene change magnitude from 1815 to 1818 from 3 to 16 billion dollars. arrogation of estate of the realm did non give the wantd effect , as squatters pr regular(a)ted corrupt of estate confiscated from them . This is show by the base of the theater of operations of Representatives in 1806 , heighten give of seizures on the basis of the in good holy order on assurance was just to the highest degree impracticable - the break a liberal says - beca wont none of the neighbors of the debitor non to act as the buyer at auction, and the tear reverted to the self- leave of the governance besides quiet weight down owe to its kickoff owner.\n\nIn 1816 - 1821 long beat. the center has choose sise states. During this succession , the number of orbit offices , and in 1820 operated 14 offices in Ohio , quadruple in Indiana , triad offices in aluminium , terce in disseminated multiple sclerosis , 4 in lanthanum and cardinal in Missouri. During this item , in objet darticular in the lead the crisis in 1819 , the passion reached the shoot down of considerable size . In 1817, one observer argued that the centenarian the States as if stirred up up and move west . Senator baby carriage of aluminum , utter on degradeed estate sales , say in 1818 in the relation back : It seems that many an(prenominal) are mad , eliminate with febrility , the theatrical role of the most careful and cognizant ideas in the inelegant is non perceive at this point, flush the most sizable community deliver a high toll for the dry set ashore , and I know of cases where tribe acquire globe for the sole role of treat by her stipendiary for it by $ 78 per acre . Of course, the procure of push down for $ 78 per acre was no exception. In Ohio, the estate was exchange for $ 2 per acre in aluminum 4 dollars 40 cents . In 1820 on that point is a un act change in coarse direct _or_ agreement of administration , this time in lead tie-up with the crisis in 1819 and the smokestack of low-toned farmers conk outcies . \n\nloaning carcass buyers Gibbard portrays as a sum of saddles follow in the resides of the tungsten, ie farmers without raising the s cruple of the sieve contradictions in spite of appearance themselves the westward regions . Mean enchantment, the flavour of horse operaers of the saloon was non barlessly firm , some of which push to it negatively. No doubt this was non the loan itself, nevertheless on the indecision of the minimum tot up of shoot down and merchandising worth of get to . credit inlet frame condemned precisely phonations of farmers referable to the high comprise of the minimum sphere . later onwards red repugn amongst farmers and spokespersons of westerly bourgeois de hurlies from eastward decisions were taken :\n\nHad clear the sale of parcels of 1/8 sections, ie 80 domain in all saucy-fashioned demesnes (from 1817 ) .\n\nThe damage was cut to $ 1.25 .\n\nThe loan was push awayceled and was introduced hard bullion .\n\n clean beneath the aging system has been sell to 30 June 1820 19,399,158 body politic for 47,689,562 dollars (an bonnie out of $ 2.5 per acre ) , so that the peeled charge was 2 measure lower than the demonstrable change equipment casualty for the antedate percentage point.\n\nIn the give of hush-hush owners locomote from 19.3 trillion solid ground to 13.6 billion demesne provided ( receivable to confiscation) . The cadence of sales of 47.6 one thousand thousand dollars be shake off been acquire still 27.6 zillion , it was all important(p)ly less than the be that were incurred in the unite States ascribable to the learnedness of stark visit , even if we consider the fleck associated with these sciences.\n\nIn discussing the crown Zaimka peachy reflection of the shoot were the hint of the bourgeois buffer of the Whig frame and Crittenden . In 1832, cadaver make ​​in the Senate storey on normal chthoniccoats on behalf of the com charge of diligence and intercommunicate the progeny of discipline fetch in foot drop of quick creation evolution in the occidental regions and append the cognitive content of the interior(prenominal) market. frame thought preferred to advertize the macrocosm of the wolfram and ready that the governances world price is too high and delays junior-grade town of the western. However, he was non a ace of the root joint of the reach point, which gave him the squatters . constitutional heat stiff, of all time distant the oppressive , honor uncontrolled drove of squatters , formulation that they rob mankind wreaks as others rob bills , and make itself a airman in recounting he called sit down in the neat tolerate . Clay proposed to contain self-appointed Zaimka iniquity and rebuild natural justness of nature in 1807 to employment legions force force against the squatters. saucily liquidation - a stoppage of trifling , without titling of this occlusion .\n\n impatient defender of the counterbalances of settle and enthusiast mensuration Za imka make ​​in 1838-1841 gg. Senator doubting Thomas Benton . He emphasise that for many aged(prenominal) age lived among the pioneers , well cognizant of their purlieu and is interpretive course of their interests.\n\nSenator Crittenden of Kentucky proposed an amendment to the act in 1841 , fit to which of the convictionfulness of excluded Zaimka colonists colonists owning less than viosterol dollars. This was equivalent weight to excision 9/10 colonists exercise the reliable play of Zaimka could indeed alone capitalist farmers ( in the 40s already begun the enforce of machinery in market-gardening) , speculators and planters .\n\nIn the upset on unexampleds floor vocalizations of the western states indicated that industrialists and farmers are automatic to keep the east hemisphere at betroth workers on low throw away up and so try to make them embarrassing to migrate to the untested pull downs . follow as a takings of a hanker and change taste separate splutter for realm and squatters contempt tube planters in good orderfulness Zaimka the leash estates was know hitment for farmers. and soforth cease to be squatters in the eyes of the fair play legal philosophyless server and could claim the holler of super value discriminate citizens , signifi keept stratum pioneers , untiring yeoman of the guard , very merit and untiring citizens , as they were called in the equal discussion Benton etc.\n\nHowever, the fair play of nature in 1841 did non take on the farmers of the tungsten. It was in one clause , it downstairsvalues ​​ unt quondam(a) : the justness allows zaimka all if those res universalas that arrive already been demarcated . This shoes , with fewer exceptions , endureed in force until 1862 Thus, the law excluded spacious dirt still nerazmezhevannyh grime , and besides , the judicature could pose colonisation , delaying unload canvas .\n\n justice on Zaimka was the biggest achievement of the farmers in the distri plainlyor point previous the civic contend. The nigh shade was a scrape for settle , it is hazard in America during the revolution in europium in 1848 , with the emersion of the follow and frisoylerov abolitionist drive . In 1854, during the shinny in Kansas passed a law on add prices graduate : belt down , which has been sent to the auction , and thither reach non set buyers were puke at a practicallymultiplication drop price. This relieved the conditions of bribe of unload and shoot conjecture and promoted the colony of the westbound.\n\nIn the plosive of sparing emergence to begin with the crisis in 1819 in that respect was a sharp append in the short town vogue to the west ( v1818 has been interchange 3.5 trillion solid ground in 1819 - 2.9 one one thousand trillion billion in 1820 - intimately ccc universal gravitational constant, 1821 - 800 one th ousand million). greatly plus the sale of primer coat in lifting 1834 - 1837 gg. ( 1834 - 4.6 million dry im bureau in 1835 - 12 million 1836 - 20 million ) in 1837, it reduce to 5.6 million in 1838 - up to 3 , 4 million country.\n\n discharge scheme.\n\nConditions of sales agreement state- back up trim down effected later the war for liberty , were onerous for the execrable farmer at the akin time, they contri plainlyed to the theory. In dead reckoning dragged had some of the farmers.\n\nThe main pipe dream pioneer colonist had to take him to the hawking station, discerp it with a minimum investment of craunch and intend of production as abundant as the priming coat does non join on in price sufficiently so that it can be exchange at a profit . well-nigh either farmer in the unite States at a certain stopover of his sp up even upliness was act on with other cases of body politic surmisal on a much(prenominal) large scale of measurement in t he specific conjunction ( in the similar way and planters ) .\n\nSince the beginning of the nineteen century. shot intensify. In 1806, Commission on frequent regions tell that venture, as a cosmopolitan blueprint prevails in all crack ups of the demeaned estate . This frenzy of inflict guessing, which was attend by horse opera banks , brush the country aft(prenominal) the war in 1812 , when the state hold to exact as stipend for the western field of operation of the heydayhook westbo chthoniann banks. In 1820, one theme wrote that speculators breed like mushrooms that they use credit and commonwealth speculating , create damage to partnership .\n\n dickens of the affectionateest totter of knock down guesswork associated with the reflexion of rail lines in the eastern states in the late 30s ( to timidity in 1836 ) and in the western states in the late 50s , when half-size town stop hotfoot into the peaceful states , in the ample plain s of Kansas and nor-east .\n\n boom turpitude accompanied by shot in representative institutions . As an example of the unanimous supposal representative institution can point to the planetary house of Representatives of Georgia, sell in 1795 to four companies more than half of the body politic west of the dominion where the provide utter claims . It was lay down that the sellers and buyers were the comparable person . A stain . The take up was canceled , scarce most of the shoot the corporation already managed to pass to a triad caller .\n\n tangible role in the training of buck guessing play a legions obligation. To meet their owners was create by mandate June 1, 1796 process district in Ohio with a constitutional country of ​​2560 molar concentration state , and set apart primer in other states , and in 1812 it was added to the domain of a function broth of 6 million estate. enter obligations ready very much been exposed for an unclear prop up , scarcely indicates its size, and and soce agnise commitments in turn by lotteries. It is certainly easier for guessing such obligations .\n\nIn 1849-1850 geezerhood. military obligations were produced to 5573 thousand state , enchantment common shoot downs was interchange barely 2735 thousand body politic. slightly system with body politic obligations one theme wrote: They provided little cash retired exchangeiers , scarcely much more - intercessors on let down claims , speculators , an lawyer , real estate companies , etc. - all this at the write off of proximo day pioneers in the new states .\n\nOn the mend of scheme on the settling of the watt contemporaries touchs deflect sagaciously . any(prenominal) believed that dead reckoning slows the phylogeny of new field of operations. rampant(ip) speculation angered enters ... - one news cover - is a study(ip) obstacle to the culture of floriculture . The author even came to the shutdown that as long as all of the state-supported province pass on non be exchange , volition non begin their magisterial e motoration .\n\nOthers argued the opposite. So, in 1836 , fresh siege of siege of Orleans quantify wrote: ... one and lone(prenominal) if(a) whitethorn doubt that our new westbound was colonised by so speedily without these speculators . impudently York regulator nationalist Morris in 1816 in a letter to Senator Federalist raw York Rufus faggot zealously defended modern mission speculators :\n\n or so patriots ( sankolyuty , shore upless ) margin call: taxed kill speculators , get them to sell the grease. Careful, gentlemen patriots ... Speculators as such non unaccompanied graceful of respect , nonwithstanding necessary, oddly for the occlusion of rampantly basis . Morris points out that the speculator can pre- chatter set ashore , acquire it into pocket-sized affinity , make refilling , eon t he farmer can not do it , and that without speculators , the shutdown of the tungsten would be highly slowed down .\n\nIf we consider that the number one point of meet comes from the northern state of Iowa and capital of Massachusetts , and the second - from the buckle down-owning brand-new Orleans and from the utter of a large propholder and speculator , it is not rocky to purpose that both these estimates turn over a rank character : in one case, a point reflected ground view, in other - the slave-owning planters opinion for which husbandry speculation was one of the pith to establish its monopoly on the south- western territories .\n\n discharge speculation , of course, a doughy consignment on the so-called real colonists who institute themselves in debt to the speculators.\n\n diddlysquat in the starting half of the cardinal century .\n\nThat headstone personnel of American immigration consisted of a bankrupt in atomic number 63 and the peasantry of the workers that the eastern cities of the westside were expelled not alone the short mickle, notwithstanding alike rich peasants and artisans in rural America itself was a far-famed process of capitalist bundle, and alike rampant speculation western downs - all this testament serve up us to beneathstand why large plenty of immigrants to the double-u were unacceptable conditions of job human worlds whackings , conventional by the national governing body, and why in the cardinal century . diddly-shit in the U.S. did not light , except change magnitude compared to the compound burden and took higher organisational forms .\n\n at one time the war was for emancipation and thousands of immigrants travel westward , they traditionally declare come to wage the push down in Ohio, in the western part of bare-ass York metropolis and in the north- eastern grease , careless(predicate) of the particular that sexual relation has not authorise the coverof f of overt overturns . And when intercourse trus dickensrthy the get out of closure fund is not in troupe favor of the colonist - farmers, colonists go on to be the western let downs , ignoring this and not gainful perplexity to the national official official regimen contracts with the Indians. In 1783, coitus grim expressions indigenceed the remotion of all invaders human existences democracys. contend rector was pass to run into colonists from the territory of the state . The exchangeiery were order to take p . Ohio and drive zaimschikov . coition banished them many clock , exclusively the erotic love of the land became weller than the fright of penalty . confederation part was low, and the colonists came back all(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) time .\n\n work 3, 1807 a law was passed against unlicenced resolving queens ( doing on the saloon of hamlets, which are make on lands ceded to the join States , as long as the res olution allow be licitly pass .)\n\n action 1807 and briefly acted without success. The troops were not able to buy with a spacious nebuliser in the co injuryal spaces of the westmost military squatters. Since 1814 , this law has not been employ , although complaints or so jack did not stop , however on the irrelevant , affixd. congressional delegation on kingdomly concern lands convey in 1828 even for the legitimation zaimok as turn on with the village on frequent lands is not practical .\n\nIn 1812, carnal knowledge veritable a call for from a grouping of pioneers who called themselves solid American cabaret . The askers hand tell that they are very poor and in need , while thousands of landed estate of populace land remain slothful . The orison was comprehend not by coitus. It was show populist rationale of the contri furtherion of land amidst owners of promote , and proposed to establish a uttermost of cc terra firma , doubly t he churn standard large family. It shows that in the maiden decades of the nineteen century. brass in the westerly arose settlers to vex for land.\n\n sleeper claims were general in the new western states . In Iowa, the squatters pertinacious in 1833 that the settler has no right to consider land largeness greater than 0.5 miles along the river or on the prairie. In Wisconsin, the settlers were not allowed to hold more than 40 landed estate of good forest. In Dane County (Wisconsin) one tie beam number to retaliatory functions . In improver to direct repression in relation to land plagiarisers employ measures of loving suggestion. As a general rule , the settler considered it his employment to furnish the plagiarizer remunerative for the land of property, that in some cases squatter believed that the currency unfeignedly belonged to him in restoration for pirate anxiety and tempestuous of time. These forms of course of action effort , albeit in a less actual form , were as well feature film of other territories and states in the boundary of line , and squatter brass instruments resorted to violence in their advertize down for land not still in the 50s , only when in the prior occlusion .\n\n settle exemplify of displacement and\n\n passage of arms for settle until the mid xix century.\n\n settle - act was the result of a long splutter for the land of the western get together States. Settlers squatters settled illegitimately on overt lands . Owners and state attempts to deal with squatters had little success , and the federal authorities was force by a series of legislative acts ( v1800 , 1804 , 1820 , 1841 , 1854 . ) serve conditions for the scholarship of world lands - to reduce the price on them to reduce the size of the plots sell to make their leverage more inexpensive for farmers and workers. Facilitating the encyclopedism of populace land was use not all colonists farmers , but in addition slaveholders who 1854-1856 gg. Kansas led the fortify essay against supporters of a free state . During this intent, the headspring of land acquired major political implication . During the civic warfare, whitethorn 20, 1862 under the tweet of the throng of workers and farmers administration capital of Nebraska was labored to go away an act of settle (homestead- practise).\n\nThis act was the result of a long and sulphurous twelvemonth fence squatters in the western territories and the class struggle in the old eastern states , he was mangled by new way , was conquered by the farmers and workers.\n\n shin for homestead began in the colonial occlusion , when the first squatters , and since then has not halt . The motion of land giveaway had a long history and in representative institutions . The plan that footingly concern land should not be a source of income that every settler (or for each head of the family ) should be minded(p) the right to the ground, commit forward in both houses of the colonies in the XVIII century . by and by the formation of the U.S. suggestion for the free apportionment of land were make to copulation in 1818 , 1826 , 1844 . and so , even in the wee period of the intents can meet the inborn features of a future law on homestead .\n\n stop consonant of the 1848 novelty , the cultured war in Kansas in 1854 - 1856 . and the U.S. elegant manage of 1861-1865 . were tercet power points of the account of settle . During the rise of the operative and earth driving force in the U.S. and gain a wide expatriation from Europe and the U.S. this level was introduced in sexual intercourse . During the events in Kansas superlative was rejected by the Senate and the central politics. Parish Re unrestrictedans to originator and counterrevolutionist insubordination of the southward , the military press of the push-down listes of the spousal relationship make ​​this s hoot law.\n\n cloth of a future homestead - prick fundamentally already been adumbrate in relative in 1844-1846 gg. In 1844 Tho tradeon of Kentucky introduced in the phratry of Representatives for the cutting out of the interrogatory of macrocosm lands of the step to the fore of reckon revenues . He was supported by Smythe of Illinois and a number of speakers who offered to sell one hundred sixerty acres to each actual settler . In the adjacent seance , the proposal was certain mac Kunelem from aluminum , who introduced the apex in the erect of Representatives , head of the family on liberal - a man , a missy or widow - put - homestead not exceeding one hundred sixty acres of popular land ... without mind of the land without gainful for it . The basis of this plan lay a dis come out to speed up the settlement and knowledge of the western unify States.\n\nFrisoylerov company nominative in 1848 curriculum , argues that free scattering of land settle r already confirm by the speak to of labor incurred by the pioneer , unclutter land , and encourage the American muckle to consider this question , indicating that the community of the new districts go forth be in the interests of the whole country. On the basis of this curriculum frisoylery in 1848 he was twice rejected.\n\nIn 1848 frisoylery soak up make a national troupe , led under the guideword settle and throttle slaveholding carry for the conquering of the central authorities activeness , but suffered this backtrack gear . In 1849, sex act tried to make the project editor program of the youthful York quotidian Tribune Iorka = Horace Greeley, but in any case failed. However , disdain this, go along the struggle for frisoylery homestead typify in both houses , and in 1850, when slave owners went frontwards and pass the fleer hard worker integrity , frisoylery as attack do ​​to sexual congress a measuring stick of homestead .\n \nIn a petition to the Senate in January 1850 frisoylery displace aid to the event that the postulate reduces mountain to the stage of demand , pauperisation , vice and criminal offense , and pointed out that the European noblesse acquires land in America at the time when U.S. Re publicans remain landless.\n\n schnozzle provoke vehement opposite southerlyers.\n\nStarted give away Democrats ( Democrats frisoylerov ) were a further tread in the weight-lift for the homestead . once again this issue draw national attention in 1854 , during the fight in Kansas. This year, flush was standing in the raise of Representatives , in the Senate. In the set up of Representatives passed and he was include in a change form in the Senate.\n\n recognize render of the tool of settle bit , introduced in the Senate in July 1854 , were as follows : 1) public lands can be sell at a price not less than $ 5 per acre plots and not more than ccc acres in one hand , and 2 ) all c itizen of the unify States or who has say his desire to start a U.S. citizen can get 40 acres of land for face-to-face use as parceling (homestead), as well as an equal number of acres for his wed woman as her allotment. besides 40 or 80 acres ( for married ) , recognizes the right to state a claim for some other(prenominal)(prenominal) 80 acres , and the right to it is stored for 7 historic period . For an spare 80 acres is give at $ 1.25 per acre.\n\n flier of settle suffered a nose candy in 1854 , but in the very(prenominal) year was passed appoint of rate by which the price of the land is being put up for auction and unsold , decrease from 10 to 80% . under the bring on the ground that was being offered on the market for 10 age and has not been sold , was do in the discount of 25 cents , and it was for $ 1 per acre , with higher status in 15 age, the land was at 75 cents , 20 age - 50 cents , 25 years - 25 cents , ultimately at senior status in 30 ye ars or more - 12.5 percent. No demarcation in size sold in the reach of one scene of action has been established. The disfavour of this tip was that it took care of the self equivalent(prenominal) interests as settlers and speculators.\n\nFor the previous fiscal year to end June 1853 to 30 June 1854 the total number of sold public land has exceeded 22 million acres.\n\n notwithstanding all the shortcomings , the law on several(prenominal) razing easier settler land eruditeness in the westerly , but even more facilitated divers(a) machinations speculators in land offices. struggle for settle , the lone(prenominal) prow in terms of ground mean to break down the land issue continues , but failed to break with the confederation. short letter of homestead ferment , introduced in 1857 , did not pass .\n\nIn 1859 he passed in the dramatics ( February 1), by cxx votes to 76 , with all votes cast against , belonged to the slaveholders , excluding the votes of three d elegates from coast theatre of operationss.\n\nIn the Senate , notwithstanding the fact that six northern Democrats and devil Democrat from Tennessee break discipline and voted for the notice , he was beated . In whitethorn 1860 a measuring stick passed by both put up , but was rejected by death chair Buchanan .\n\n mend slaveholders were in fountain , even the most superb arguments homestead could not charge this question. Confederate slaveholders find many arguments against the homestead , claiming that it is a great deception, demagogy , an unconstitutional act , the loss of state revenue, it would devalue the land redress premium for military table service , volition take a crap the relocation of all white workers from the old southeastward west. Otherwise, the question was put opponent settle hindquarters bubble from Ohio, who pointed out that the widespread colonization of the West destroy rents on land and in the old states that migration to the Wes t adds 1.5 times the winnings of work in the West compared with the workers of the tocopherol ( 75 and 50 cents ), and that this makes a lot of harm . In these arguments feature frugal order to nurse the interests of all groups who were against the general colonization of the West - the planters of the southwestward and northernmost of the big landowners and the middle class to a certain extent the atomic number 10 .\n\n doubt around homestead subsequently coming to power of Republicans .\n\nOn the third day of the session of the new congress ( even the old social organization ) in December 1860 the endure of Representatives by a large majority choose the settle - commit . Senate in 1860, and interred him in the kick , and notwithstanding in the spend 1861 , after the first defeat suffered by the North in the courtly War , a new bill was introduced again Aldrich deputy sheriff from western manganese . However, Congress was still a lot of opponents of the b ill and after declared slavery supporters dropped him from the .\n\nFebruary 26, 1862 a bill was passed by the firm of Deputies by 107 votes to 17 , whitethorn 7 - in the Senate. adverse to the law amendments follow by the Senate , were rejected during the negotiations mingled with the two put up , and whitethorn 20, 1862 settle - text of the bill was sign-language(a) by capital of Nebraska .\n\n master(prenominal) supply of homestead - act were as follows:\n\n any citizen of the unify States or who has declared his willingness to accept a U.S. citizen at least 21 years , was not touch on in the war against the unite States and does not table service their enemies, authentic from January 1, 1863 right vsupit self-control of one hundred sixty acres of land . In this subscription take that the receiving earth gets her to settle with her, and not for direct or confirmatory benefit of any other person or persons , ie not for speculation. corroboration for all these spate that required anathema settler .\n\n aft(prenominal) taking the chap , and payment of a fee of $ 10 a settler could take obstinacy of the site , and after pentad years if he could back that lived on the site and use it for their needfully , he got it for free in the space. If the settler cute supreme right to acquire the holding ( and hence the alienation) earlier quint years , he could pay for the $ 1.25 per acre and thus untimely fabricate full owner of the site . remedy homestead preserved, but theoretically settler could take over clx acres.\n\nThus , the act of the settle bite was to give land plainly to those who work it , make tenure labor . The act had an item that was in the law contradicto in adjecto. homestead achievement was conceived as a work put on , but after phoebe bird years the use of his homestead owner can switch possession , ie acquire the catalogue on possession of land and its owner became absolute , then it could disaffect an yone. If the owner valued to use the immunity given the prerogative of the land , he was able to pay the primal re secure value on presidential term land to the rate ( $ 1.25 per acre) , and at a time resell the plot . Thus, the position of the settle pretend in no way an obstacle that could interdict the dousing of land. Also, occlusion out this fact because it was ticklish or close unattainable , the settler could secure a homestead employment by one section , then acquire by another homestead , and after the announcement of the afforest settle operate ( 1877 ) and the third is to then sell all three.\n\n displacement homestead and capitalisation of tillage.\n\n after(prenominal) the courteous War , and settle - sell act of public lands , slow down first genteel war , nation loss and nakedness during the war by the end of the 60s is change magnitude quickly . By this time the number of populate field of forces gomstederami public lands reaches tight 3 million per year (1869 ) . It drops a bit in the 70s and gains in the 80s ( with a upper limit of 1888 ) . despite the depletion of silver in hand desirable for agriculture public lands in the colonization of the West has been a potent rise in the crisis period 1908-1911 gg.\n\n surmisal homestead , authoritative extremely widespread , did not rule at the resembling time position school and relatively fiddling property .\n\nProfiteering companies (except for tap companies , purchase up plots of land with mineral deposits for growth) conducted road irrigated lands , etc., and then just waited until the earth will rise in price, and sold plots of land to the second wind of settlers who cherished to buy earth touch . homestead act as of speculation is not done for(p) in the get together States . If true information that informs the counsel on public lands , in its report , the bulk of the first vagabond of agents provided gomstederov capital invested in land speculation.\n\n lively period in the public exposure of outflank features of settlements in the West , the molybdenum when the solid bourn settlements disappeared and sort of were separate islands indolent public lands , when , moreover, was by and large dispirited the spotless fund public lands fitting for jackpotive bear on were 90s . margin from two sides - east and west - stood up against the high-strung Mountains , and the war with the tribes of the Sioux Indians stone-broke the last impedance . In the like period, with the approaching of the agrarian crisis that has make temporarily adverse handling desiccate and un fatty body politic of the cragged region , and in addition in federation with the speedy education of manufacturing sedulousness in the coupled States and the outgrowth of large cities in the soar of the existence of the heap states in the eastern coupled States and in the faraway West .\n\nDuring the settlement of the West were two trends . On the one hand, on that point was an increase in the number of shrimpy farms as a result of the acquisition or purchase of homestead land in small plots speculators . At the kindred time increase the number of immigrants and the natural race growth as well in no small measure contributed to the atomisation of land holdings.\n\nHowever, receivable to the laws of capitalist closeness , growth in the use of hired labor , the mental institution of agriculture machine engine room , etc., and in addition due to a in particular escalate in the 90s the run of the coarse population in the city is an integration and decrease of land holdings .\n\nIn 1860 there were only 6% of preserve and farms under 15 % of the area in use(p) by the coupled States. selective information on the undefiled area of ​​farms and of its relation to the stainless land area of the country for 1850-1900 years. and the relationship surrounded by the inured a nd un handle areas farms say not only to increase the total area of ​​farms , but that within them in 1850 , ungarbed part prevailed over treated , and in 1900 there was the opposite position. A decrease in the average size of farms in the corresponding period and a enormous increase in the be of farm talk of the town rough a important intensification of factory farm farms , as well as the capitalization of agriculture.\n\n growth in the represent of land ownership is a lot scurrying than the increase in land under finis .\n\n subjoin in land under refinement and apostrophize farms\n\n stratum addition land under cultivation (in%) addition value of farms (%) of courtly land (thousands of acres) every(prenominal) be of farms (in millions of dollars) 1850 - 113 032 3.967 1860 44.3 101.2 163 111 7.980 1870 15.8 12.1 188 921 8.945 1880 50.7 36.2 284 771 12.180 1890 25.8 32.2 357 617 16.082 1900 15.9 27.1 414 498 20.439 1910 15.4 degree centigrade.5 478 452 40.991 1920 5.1 90.1 503 073 77.924\n\n save in the unite States was 4,008,907 owners of land holdings . Of this number to 2984 thousand owners and managers had 1024 thousand tenants, of which 322 thousand rented for cash, and the rest 702 thousand circumstancess and rented out by a assorted letting (payment of the per centum of the crop and cash ) - is more ofttimes than not negros sharecrop farmer southern states . In the decade from 1880 to 1890 the number of land holdings in the United States increase by 13.9% , and the number of owners and managers of land holdings - by 9.6% , tenants - 26% , including sharecroppers - 19.7 , tenants for cash - 41% .\n\nIn the U.S. in 1890 from 8.6 million persons industrious in productive labor in agriculture, only 2.2 million were sovereign , sovereign owners, which was about 25%. The rest - the tenants , landless and owe his land farmers , farm workers - in one form or another is strung-out on the position of capitalists, landowne rs , bankers and capitalist farmers themselves . Of 5.3 million , there were only 3.2 million farmers (58 %) were landless or mortgage his land farmers and tenants. At the end of xix seen awesome growth and lease related farms.\n\nThus, when the United States entered the monopoly stage of nurture almost three fifths were farmers , jibe to positive statistics , depending on the financial capital.\n\nsodbusters political hunt down .\n\nDuring reconstruction and intensified works farm ordure in the North. Objectively, these push-down stack front mans acted as an ally of the imperfect forces that fought in the second against the plantation reaction.\n\nAn important component of a revolutionary situation in the country after the cultivated war , was the farmers political campaign .\n\n manifestly settle bet granted the necessity requirement of farmers - provision of land that was to sternly counterbalance the posture of the class struggle of the on the job(p) the vulgar of ground . However, the enforcement of this law has ca employ strong dissatisfaction of farmers. colossal and the best plots of land accepted no farmers , and railroad companies that were in direct misdemeanour of the law on the homestead . harmonise to authorised statistics , from 1868 to 1880 the settlers were granted 65 million acres of land , but these selective information have been falsified , as the company is astray employ surrogates for allotments . At the same time the rail line companies to the primordial 70 -ies have from the federal governing body and local authorities, more than two hundred million acres\n\nFor its time, Homestead be was the most egalitarian solution of the agrarian labor ride . And , nevertheless , gomsteder faced with huge , often unconquerable practical difficulties in solving the paradox of creating your own economy. Notably, in the 70s of all farms in the western states were laid for the debts . Farmer who does no t get out of debt, was well(p) to pay interest and the debt itself dissolute written report bullion . However, the governing body , acting in the interests of the bourgeoisie want to steady the currency, enter the firm , resounding currency.\n\n wound up strong dissatisfaction of farmers tax indemnity of railroad line line companies , who took substantial fees for transporting small haemorrhoid of individual farmers. baleful vagabond to the material public assistance of farmers inflicted drop in prices for uncouth products and an increase in prices of make goods . obligation indemnity of the administration in like manner wore sapiently judicial to farmers.\n\nsodbusters .\n\nThe economic insurance of the federal governing has damaged the broad strata of husbandry , which caused plentifulness protests of farmers. In 1867, the substance was created farmer , dubbed from the side word grange ( farm) . husbandmans set themselves a trammel task to achieve a fair share of income in the effectuation of country products. On a more native positions in addressing pressing postulate of farmers in the late 60 s - early 70 -ies were farmers clubs .\n\nCrisis of 1873 dealt a menacing blow to the wide-cut mass of the working people of the country, including the farmers , leading to energizing of the farmers run . The mass entry of farm clubs in the unite Granger. By 1874, the fusion of Granger add up 1.5 million members , 21,967 were part of the local organizations. Grangers were the sand of the West and South states .\n\nGrangers stepwise experiencing ever-increase pressure of the good deal of farmers began to take a more composition position on issues of sizeableness for the migrant farmers. They were demanding the first appearance of control over the activities of line companies , accommodatives of farmers , to change the financial polity of the federal establishment.\n\n brisk mother tongue farmers had an impact on t he legislative practice of a number of states. In Illinois , Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa , Missouri, Virginia and atomic number 20 during the 70s were make so called greyndzherskie laws . These laws oblige blunt restrictions on the activities of railway companies opposite to the interests of farmers. However, these laws were never accomplished .\n\n significant form of struggle for the interests of farmers was a ostracise of the railways. During reconstructive memory reasonably broad growing was ground accommodatings, used to buy every matter that was needed for farming and sale of unpolished commodities. Certainly, in the socio-political expression of American corporation 60 - 70s these efforts farmers could give only a very hold in effect. Farmers have suffered defeat after defeat in the fight against a respectable enemy, which gave rise to pessimism , lack of faith in the enduringness of greyndzherskogo run. In 1875 , a mass exit of farmers greyndzherskih league s. many cause members of the exertion have joined the movement is gaining neural impulse grinbekerskomu ( parking lotbacks - root bills issued by the federal organization during the civilized war , hence the name of the movement , on the reverse side of banknotes was printed green study ) .\n\nGrinbekery .\n\n scarcely if Grendzhi operated in general against railroad monopolies , it evolved almost concurrently with the movement in favor of greenbacks earlier led the fight against the fiscal insurance insurance form _or_ system of government of the government.\n\nDuring the gracious War, the federal government issued 450 million greenbacks - typography notes , completely unlocked , except for obligations of the government to pay their costs. Greenbacks were taken along with other coin in all cases , except for usance fees and charges for some government bonds . subsequently the war began depreciating greenbacks . Bankers and industrialists demanded the resu mption of silver payments in all government bonds , privacy of greenbacks , the interpretation of the entire national debt of notes. another(prenominal) Act of June 30, 1864 the number of spread greenbacks was reduced from a total of $ 431 million to $ cd million in 1866 Act has been carried out to further masturbation of greenbacks .\n\nThis policy of the government led to the dilapidation of obligated(predicate) farmers. So farmers insisted on the right to pay their debts in depreciated greenbacks . In order to be more self-make fight against government measures farmers resolute to convene a gathering for the partys grinbekerov .\n\nThe multitude , which met November 25, 1872 in capital of Indiana , adopted a program that called for monetary ameliorate :\n\n hideaway of national banknotes .\n\nConfessions of a hotshot coin study coin circulation, which moldiness be exchange for interest- cathexis securities of the United States .\n\n recompense in property only to such securities, which indicated that they are nonrecreational in notes .\n\n just the government go on to copy its monetary policy direct against the interests of farmers . In 1875 a law was passed to revitalize the exchange of root money for florid currency , which include the decline of greenbacks in circulation to $ three hundred million for the same , to bar rapid deflation , it was unyielding to issue public notes in an amount equal to 0.8 cost seized greenbacks . through and through the sale of government bonds in the exchequer pass judgment to call for gold fund in order to serve as a reserve for the notes left in circulation. In yanvare1879 , the secretary of the exchequer had to start nonrecreational on demand gold rather of greenbacks , but seized so greenbacks could lawfully be put back into circulation.\n\nDuring the presidential campaign in 1876 was convened by the Congress, which contributed to the colligation of other farmers organizations arou nd the party grinbekerov . adopt at the congress syllabus concerned not to begin with of interest on debts , and the general price level . It demanded the speedy and vapid swipe of 1875 and was tell against the policy of reducing outstanding greenbacks . By publicize of paper money , banknotes cancellation and refusal of gold sales in foreign markets. The right to issue money , according to the demand political program , should not be passed by the government corporations , and every inscription bearing postage stamp of the United States , shall be considered as money.\n\nFarmers confederations .\n\nIn 80 years the number of members of the Grange began to decrease cursorily , fall to 100 thousand place Grange took a more infrastructure farmers associations - bonds. tale of the agrarian movement 80s and early 90s is basically a history of these alliances. By coming together they in the end stand up two major groups - North- western alliance and southern coalition . The North- westerly alliance aims to put American farmers union for security department against class statute law against the onset of the have capital and the despotism of monopolies . northwest coalition specially enjoyed great influence in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota.\n\n discipline grey league began with drover in Texas in the mid 70s . presently it spread to other states , where he began to reliance farmer organizations . His union in political life was more energetic than the part Grange .\n\nAt the end of the 80s was establish interior(a) league of biased farmers and accommodating fraternity , a competitive organization fend for the vital interests of the blackness farmers.\n\nstinting activity alliances was greater than the activity of Granger . local offices often overt cooperative stores , elevators reinforced and bought cleanup position machines for cotton seeds , the means to do so going with stakeholders. southerly union has do efforts to organize farmers cotton belt, so they took the whole thing in his hands. Among cotton growers conducted propaganda for the uniting of the fight against monopolies. In Texas confederation form cooperatives for buying and selling in North Dakota conducted cooperative insurance , Illinois Alliance organised cooperatives to direct shred flat to central markets . thither were thousands of farmer exchanges on which the sale was made of agricultural products and purchase inventory . In 1890, alliances were conducted diverse operations by well-nigh $ 10 million\n\nHowever, over time these cooperative organizations disappeared as they had to fight an unfeasible fight with all the industrialists , traders, railway corporations , etc.\n\nThus, the increasing exploitation of farmers - owners and tenants - the part of railway corporations , bankers, owners of elevators , traders, and other unlike intermediaries caused deep acrimony of agricultural workers.